Friday, July 31, 2020

Temporary Band Entry Title

Temporary Band Entry Title The MIT Marching Band, completely arbitrarily, decided to go out tonight and give a free midnight concert all over campus except for Building 10 and Killian Court. No, really. Our audience included the Stata Center, countless Biology graduate students in buildings 56 and 68, the campus police, both parallels of East Campus, and somebody in a chicken costume. Most frequently used line of the evening: If you or anybody you know is interested in joining, let us know at marching underscore band at mit dot edu! And so should you! Story tomorrow. Im spent. Hokay, so. Our journey began, as most good journeys do, at the Student Center, where we had to decide exactly where to give our free concert to celebrate the first of November. The Beatles had already done the whole concert-on-the-roof thing, and we were spontaneously struck with the idea that Killian Court might also not be so smart, so we decided that a good place to start might be the loud, echoey parking lot behind Building 13. So, we got into a 2 x 4 block and started our march to the secret vocal cadence. Unfortunately, since we were too lazy to wait another 35 seconds for the light to change at Mass Ave, we had to break formation momentarily and run across the street like hungry termites. We then reassumed formation and marched down the Infinite to the tune of Sweight, which was requested of us by the janitorial staff. Believe me, as an MIT student, you dont want to get on the bad graces of the janitorial staff. WATE is perhaps the only song that we are actually proficient at playing, and thus we do three separate versions of it. Poo-wate is played on instruments, Sweight is sung in four-part a capella harmony, and Kuwait is played on kazoos. Just plain WATE is the signal for some unholy combination of the three. So, we stood in the parking lot and played Mission Impossible, which I had spent like 20 minutes lovingly arranging for the occasion. The band found it surprisingly playable, which was my goal. We moved about fifty feet, turned our backs on the Great Dome, and serenaded a lamppost with Ghostbusters. I wanted to stay and watch its flower growin, but we had more important business to attend to. A chorus of Kuwait later, we ended up at a proscenium in the Stata Center. And hey, that looks pretty echoey. So, we decided that the Course 7: Biology grad students still hanging out in Building 68 at 1 AM needed some entertainment, stood facing the proscenium, and played two songs that I dont entirely recall. Ah, the acoustic was gorgeous, and we could have played there all night, but we had other business to attend to, so we unfortunately had to leave. So this is where things start to get strange. Well, were now at Building 66, which Ive mentioned before, and this is like 35 steps away from East Campus, although youd never really guess that by the number of EC residents who are late for the Course 10 classes held there. So, we decided that a brief concert for the residents of the dorm were in order. Hey, it was only like 12:45, the night is still pretty young for an MIT student, and like half the band lives at EC anyway. We marched through the courtyard with an expeditious renditions (tongue twister) of Lets Go Tech and Poo-wate, then left in some confusion when we thought we saw the housemaster coming out. Well, now were at the Great Sail. And, yeah, that weird black monstrosity may not be the most traditional piece of art in the world, but it actually looks like a really cool place to give a concert, and the EC residents might not find it quite so loud. When Im grown up and the lead singer of a world-famous progressive rock band named Tenzing, Im totally going to give a free concert here. Maybe during Fall Festival. So, we got through Indiana Jones and one chorus of Heart and Soul, I believe, when the Campus Police came and we dispersed like gas molecules undergoing the Joule-Thomson expansion (that is, adiabatically). However, as police car went by, one of us heard the officer say, Aww, come on, guys, we were just coming over to hear you play! Uh, he may have just been trying to gently suggest that we keep the noise down a little bit, but, hey, he did say that he wanted to hear a song, and the Campus Police are another group that you really dont want to upset too much. So, when they passed by again, I asked, Would you really like to hear us play, officer? Somehow, he said yes, so we detained the car for another two minutes with another improvised rendition of Heart and Soul. Maybe they appreciated it, maybe not. Then someone from the Crime Club came by. And, I mean, when youre causing a noise disturbance at 1 AM and the police have just left, somebody from the Crime Club is also going to put you a little bit on edge. Luckily, he said that he actually really appreciated our Mission Impossible, and as an added bonus gave us kits to detect dangerous drugs in cocktails or determine somebodys blood alcohol level from their saliva. Ken, our sousaphonist, was very happy, because as an ASA person he allocated money to the crime club, so he appreciated that the money was actually being put to good use by a student group. Then Tim from Third East came down and inquired about our band. I would have pegged Tim as living in like, Macgregor just from looking at him, so I guess it shows that even after three years of being at MIT, Im still not that good at reading people. Anyway, Marching underscore Band at MIT dot edu!! we cried, but Tim then revealed that he couldnt really play any traditional instruments. The nine of us were ready to accept him on beatbox, but then he demonstrated his remarkable ability at vocal trumpet. So, Tim, if you still want to join, the next meeting should be this Saturday at one-ish. Then the Mad Hatter came and wondered why we were out so late at night. Well, this is the kind of thing you expect when you give a concert on the night of Halloween. A bunch of his goth and drag-sporting compatriots yelled at us, but we retaliated with a rendition of Charge. This made them go away. Or maybe they were just really tired. Its kind of inconsequential. Anyway, it was getting around half past one, and we decided that it was time to bring our concert to a close. We marched stealthily down Memorial Drive until a rollerblader (EDIT: Roller skiier) passed by and wondered aloud, What, no Tequila?' Well, we hadnt been able to deny such a request all night, so we broke out in a two-and-a-half part a capella version as we marched somewhat jauntily to Mass Ave. And then comes the one moment that turned this whole experience instantly from just Hmmm, that was an interesting night to This was like Un Chien Andalou, except without slicing open the pigs eyeball. We were passing Bex(xx)ley when someone in a chicken costume approached us. Okay, its Halloween, thats not too weird. So, we jokingly said, Ha, I wish one of us knew the Chicken Dance. Oh, Mr. Chicken, youve brought a boom box. That plays only the Chicken Dance. How convenient. Oh, you want us to dance? Im down with that. But its kind of hard for those of us wearing bass drums and sousaphones. Oh, you want us to play? Were down with that too. Oops, you brought a recording thats in F#. But, hey, well try. Okay, thanks. Hugs all around, Mr. Chicken. Then he went back across the street, presumably to his handlers, never to be seen again. The funny thing is, each of us thought that the other was the stranger person. somebody We closed off our concert with two more tunes at 77 Mass Ave, then headed back over to the Student Center. On the ground level, we ran into a group of freshmen that was really a lot larger than you should run into on a Monday night at 2 AM during classes. But, we happily ignored that fact and gave them a stellar encorea stellar Poo-wate, Kuwait, Sweight medley that no doubt left them in total awe of our performing abilities. Well, didnt it, Laura? And then we got back to where we once belonged. Ah, such a great night. I think its time for a bonus entry.

Friday, May 22, 2020

The Advantages Of Database Management Systems - 1577 Words

b) Critically evaluate the advantages of database management systems Advantages of DBMS Data independence: - the separation of data structure of database from the application program that uses the data is called data independence in database management system; you can easily change the structure of database without modifying the application program. For example you can modify the size and data type of a data items ( fields of a database table).data independence is usually consider from two points of view, logical and physical. Data integrity: - in DB MS data in database is stored in tables. A single database contains multiple tables and relationships can be created between tables. This make easy to retrieve and update data. Data†¦show more content†¦A form provides very easy way (user friendly) to enter data into database, edit data and display data from database. The non- technical users can also perform various operations on database through forms without going into technical details of a database. Backup and recovery procedures: - in a computer file- based system, the user creates the backup of data regularly to protect the valuable data from damaging due to failures to the computer system and application program. It is a time consuming method, if volume of data is large. Most of the DBMS provide the backup and recovery sub-systems that automatically create the backup of data and restore data if required for instance, if the computer system fails in the middle or in the end of an update operation of the program, the recovery sub-system is responsible for making sure that the database is restored to the state it was in before the program started executing. Improved decision making: - better managed data and improved data access make it possible to generated better- quality information, on which better decisions are based. The quality of the information generated depends on the quality of the underlying data. Data quality is a comprehensive approach to promoting the accuracy, validity and timeliness of the data. While the DBMS does not guarantee date quality, it provides a framework to facilitate data quality initiatives. [1.2] TASK 3 –

Sunday, May 10, 2020

For This Book Review, I Chose To Read “The New Teacher

For this book review, I chose to read â€Å"The New Teacher Book,† which was edited by Terry Burant, Linda Christensen, Kelley Dawson Salas, and Stephanie Walters. When I was searching for a book to complete this book review, I was looking for something that was geared towards someone like myself who is new to teaching in the educational spectrum. I wanted a book that was going to share background information and knowledge that other new teachers had felt when they first stepped into their own classroom. I feel like this book was exactly what I was looking for as it met the criteria that would be helpful to me in becoming a new teacher. I will start by saying that the biggest highlight for me in this book was being able to read through new†¦show more content†¦It’s important for us as teachers to understand our students and recognize the ways in which they learn best and then try to implement those techniques and skills into our lesson planning and teaching. Another area of my book that really grabbed my attention and interested me was on how to build and establish a sense of community in the classroom. On any given day, building a sense of community is easier said than done, as the students sometimes come to school with the perception of not wanting to be there or the teacher is trying to organize his/her lessons, the day’s work, and at the same time interest their students. The book used a story in which the teacher was desperately trying to find a topic that peaked his students interest and made them excited about the learning. This teacher found that the topic of violence got his students enraged, talkative, and suddenly interested in what was being discussed. This teacher learned and pointed out to someone like me, that if you aren’t thinking about, considering, and implementing the personal backgrounds of your students and the community in which they live, then students will never really be engaged or understand the m eaning behind the curriculum that’s being taught. As teachers, we can teach all day, all night, and think that our students understand and are interested, but it’s almost like holding them prisoner until the day isShow MoreRelatedOutline Of A Curriculum Proposal1296 Words   |  6 PagesCURRICULUM PROPOSAL [Part I] Theme: Self-Esteem Grade Level: Kindergarten OVERVIEW OF THIS PROPOSAL: The kindergarten teachers propose that the theme of self-esteem should be a new curriculum unit to be focused on next year. This curriculum will be great to use because it allows the students to learn the importance of feel good about themselves. We believe that including a literature unit on self-esteem not only boost students’ self-worth but it would enhance their performanceRead MoreThe Freedom Writers And Erin Gruwell833 Words   |  4 Pagesthe world. The students entries consist of how they do not believe that Mrs. Gruwell will make it in their school. The students are deemed unteachable by the school. Mrs. Gruwell, worked two jobs (one at a hotel and as a teacher) to provide books for her students. The students read Zlata’s diary and â€Å" The Diary of Anne Frank†. The class decides to do a fundraiser, to get Zlata Filipovic and Miep Gies to come to their school. Soon, they are able to go to many places, including Washington D.C and UniversalRead MoreQue stions On The Lesson Plan852 Words   |  4 PagesLesson Plan (Pathwise-based) 10-6-2015 Teacher candidate: Deborah Dorse Grade: 1st Subject(s): Math Topic(s): One half of a whole List the Domains that apply: Cognitive Psychomotor Arkansas Frameworks (complete SLE’s): CCSS.Math.Content.1.G.A.3 Partition circles and rectangles into two and four equal shares, describe the shares using the words halves, fourths, and quarters, and use the phrases halfRead MoreEvaluation Of A Mini Reading Lesson Plan1300 Words   |  6 Pages3 In this reflection paper the student was asked to write a mini reading lesson plan. 1. Name of Strategy: Teacher/Peer Modeling (Read Naturally Strategy, 2009) 2. Grade Level: Third Grade 3. Type of Disability: A student that needs this strategy to increase fluency would have trouble in one of the following areas: identifying words, decoding unknown words, knowing the meaning of words parts or proper use of phonics (Seder, n.d.). 4. Material/Reading Text: I chose this book because it hasRead MoreShel Silverstein832 Words   |  4 Pagesand children enjoyed that book Shel Silverstein came out with another book named Uncle Shelbys A Giraffe and A Half in 1964. Shel achieved game for his 1964 publication of the book The Giving Tree. In the 1960s Shel became well know for his song writing, and many artists such as Johnny Cash sang the songs he had written. He also wrote scores for motion pictures. Then in 1974 a collection of poems for children came out called Where the Sidewalk Ends The book was a success with many creaturesRead MoreHow to Talk so Kids Will Listen Listen so Kids Will Talk Essay807 Words   |  4 PagesWhy I chose this Book? This particular book How to Talk So Kids Will Listen Listen So Kids Will Talk by Adele Faber Elaine Mazlish is a great book for parents and teachers to read to help develop good communication skills with children. My Opinion of This Book Benefits To Families and Caregivers I believe this book, How to Talk So Kids Will Listen Listen So Kids Will Talk, is a great tool for both the families of young children and the teachers who may need to brush up their skillsRead MoreMarketing at Gerlach Publish for Textbooks Essay1071 Words   |  5 Pagesarts textbooks for first through twelfth grade. In the past, the macroenvironment for your company has been fairly stable. However, information youve received from your research team shows that this is starting to change. The first three reports deal with long-term changes in the macroenvironment. Review the reports before you decide which next steps to recommend to your supervisor, the Vice President of Marketing. Background Historically, the number of school-age children in Colorado has increasedRead MoreTeaching Strategies for Reading Comprehension1250 Words   |  5 PagesStudents will use the KWL Chart to Synthesize the story of Yen Sen: A Cinderella Story,by: AI-Ling Louie. They will order, recall, retell and recreate this story to form their own comprehensive perspectives. K What I Know | W What I Want To Learn | L What I Have Learned | Name ____________ Word Bank Word | Definition | Picture | Connections | Word | Definition | Picture | Connections | Word | Definition | Picture |Read MoreContent Competency Paper1689 Words   |  7 Pagesteaching, no seven steps to Teacher of the Year. Motivating students, managing the classroom, assessing prior knowledge, communicating ideas effectively, taking into account the characteristics of the learners, assessing learning outcomes, and reviewing information must be attended to at all levels of education. 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Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Hitler vs. Napoleon Free Essays

Historians have noted the similarities between Napoleon and Hitler for years.   Both were charismatic dictators who established regimes in times of war and had ambitions of European domination.   Both were enormously successful but short-lived in their enterprises. We will write a custom essay sample on Hitler vs. Napoleon or any similar topic only for you Order Now    For these and other reasons, Napoleon is easily comparable to Hitler.   This essay will explore this comparability in terms of their national achievements, conquests, nationalism, origins, legacy and military/political maneuvers. Though now popularly viewed as a despot, Napoleon, like Hitler, contributed many positive elements to his native country.   He codified French law, particularly the Civil Code, replacing the Ancient Regime’s 360 local codes.   He also implemented lycees, secondary schools that were meant to instruct future leaders of France.   Hitler, by comparison, instigated in Germany one of the largest booms in civil advancement and industrial expansion the country has ever witnessed.   Like Napoleon, military growth accounted for much of the economical improvement. Napoleon’s strategy of conquest is also very similar to Hitler’s.   Both had aims to one day bring all of Europe under their control, and just as Napoleon abandoned campaigns in Britain and ended his career in the Russian wastes, so too did Hitler.   Napoleon attacked Russia from an almost impregnable position of advantage in 1812, assaulting a country that posed no overt threat.   Hitler did the same in 1941.   It is possible both were suffering from the hubris, or excessive pride, of their successes. Whatever the case, Napoleon was definitely known for his nationalistic pride of Corsica (and France), much like Hitler for his German heritage.   The Bonapartists saw themselves as inheritors of the French revolution, and Napoleon’s efforts to expand the empire were tireless.   He forbade his conquered countries from expressing their own national heritage, which may have later led to a rise in nationalism in those territories.   Most notable of these territories was Germany, whose nationalistic rise Hitler augmented to preclude the inclusion of Jews or any non-Ango ethnicities. Both Napoleon and Hitler came from relatively humble origins.   Napoleon was born in Corsica, a possession of France.   The son of a moderately successful attorney, Napoleon received a fair education but carried an Italian accent that would set him apart from the higher tiers of French society.   He began his military career as an artillery officer, not considered a desirable command at the time.   Hitler, similarly, was not wealthy in his youth.   He lived a bohemian life on minimal wages, never completed his high school education, and scratched by a living as a failing artist.   But like Napoleon, Hitler would transcend his unspectacular origins, leaving behind a considerable mark on their cultures and the world. Napoleon’s legacy is evident in his Code, his invention of the modern military conscript, and his innovations on warfare.   Under Napoleon, corps took the place of divisions as the largest military unit, cavalry increased in importance, battles became more decisive with broader attack fronts, and armies focused on the annihilation of enemy armies as opposed to out-maneuvering them.   He is thought to have spread the Revolutionary philosophy throughout Europe, manifested in the nation states that rose in Italy and Germany. His Napoleonic Code, however, is the innovation for which even Napoleon knew he would be most known.   Hitler’s contributions are, by contrast, negative.   He is responsible for taking anti-Semitism to a national scale, implementing the Nazi Party (which still exists today in various forms), and propagating fascism and intolerance as natural products of his military and political strategy. Indeed, Napoleon was very similar to Hitler in regard to political/military strategy, as well.   Both leaders used aggressive strategies in the acquisition of land and both suppressed revolts of the peoples their regimes oppressed.   Napoleon was known for his efforts to put down a major Haitian slave revolt and, in 1801 France, to re-establish slavery after its post-Revolution ban. Likewise, Hitler is notorious for his persecution of the Jews, his anti-Semitic tirades that won him enormous favor among vast demographics of the German population, and his supreme execution of suppression and extermination, the Holocaust.   While their strategies show similarity, Napoleon’s do not equal Hitler’s in terms of sheer ferocity and nationalistic fervor.    How to cite Hitler vs. Napoleon, Essay examples

Wednesday, April 29, 2020

Inspired at a Young Age free essay sample

Beep Beep Beep Beep, â€Å"Attention Department 9 and 9 4 personnel, you are responding to an unknown medical call at 20 Killingworth Turnpike. Ambulance duty crew respond to headquarters.† As a young child, when I was watching cartoons in my family room, I would frequently hear my father’s pager sound off alerting him to an emergency call in our small town. He would grab his orange trauma bag and blue light and head off to the local fire department. I would listen intently as my father and his crew raced to the scene to provide medical care that was necessary to save the patient’s life. He would finally return home after a few calls a night. I would sit straight up in my bed as I heard the garage door open from below my room wondering what kinds of emergencies he attended. â€Å"Nicole, tonight’s accident should never have happened. When you grow up, would you promise me to never get in a car with someone who has been drinking? Although the driver didnà ¢â‚¬â„¢t die, he changed the future of a little girl forever. We will write a custom essay sample on Inspired at a Young Age or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † When I got older, my father realized I wasn’t going to get nightmares about what calls he responds to. He would tell me about drug overdoses, heart attacks, and trauma from car accidents. Many were gory and bloody. Others were gross, and on many occasions, some were quite minor. Talking to my father about medical calls and hospitals fascinated me. To satisfy my curiosity about these calls, I engaged myself in the ER and medical shows at a young age. One show in particular caught my interest; it was Untold Stories of the ER. This show addressed the lives of ER doctors and what they experienced in their jobs. These stories ranged from prison inmates swallowing batteries to teenagers facing death after a baseball game. Throughout the years, I watched this show because it fascinated me, but one night a doctor recounted a little girl around the age of three falling down a hill and getting caught in a cactus. Although this incident was not that much different from the other stories on the show in later years, I kept wondering what happened the scared little girl with thousands of cactus spikes in her body. Her frightened face was engraved in my mind. All I wanted was to comfort her and help her even though I knew I could not. This one little girl made me realize how much I wanted to help people when I grew up, especially children. Throughout my life I always knew I wanted to work in the emergency room. When I had throat surgery at a young age I was frightened and confused about what was going on at the time. The nurses and medical professionals were rushing around in the operating room getting me ready for surgery, while I was trembling on the table wanting my parents to be there to comfort me. I now think of that cold unfamiliar operating room and how terrified I was, realizing that every child needs someone by their side. After I receive training, I hope to work in the hospital helping to care for the patients that my father or another EMT professio nal has brought to the hospital for treatment.

Friday, March 20, 2020

Purify Alcohol or Denatured Ethanol Using Distillation

Purify Alcohol or Denatured Ethanol Using Distillation Denatured alcohol is toxic to drink and may be unsuitable for some lab experiments or other purposes. If you need pure ethanol (CH3CH2OH), you can purify denatured, contaminated or impure alcohol using distillation.   Alcohol Distillation Materials Balance100-mL volumetric flask or graduated cylinderDistillation apparatus250-mL beaker (or another container to receive the distilled alcohol)Hotplate or another flameless heat source (to avoid igniting the ethanol)Boiling chips200-mL impure ethanol (e.g., 70% denatured alcohol) You can also  make  a distillation apparatus if you dont already have one or arent sure what one looks like. Alcohol Distillation Procedure Put on appropriate safety gear, including goggles, gloves and protective clothing.Weigh the volumetric flask or graduated cylinder and record the value. This will help you determine your yield if you care to calculate it.Add 100.00 mL of alcohol to the volumetric flask. Weigh the flask plus alcohol and record the value. Now, if you subtract the mass of the flask from this value, you will know the mass of your alcohol. The density of your alcohol is the mass per volume, which is the mass of the alcohol (the number you just obtained) divided by the volume (100.00 mL). You now know the density of the alcohol in g/mL.Pour the ethanol into the distillation vessel and add the remaining alcohol.Add a boiling chip or two to the flask.Assemble the distillation apparatus. The 250-mL beaker is your receiving vessel.Turn on the hotplate and heat the ethanol to a gentle boil. If you have a thermometer in the distillation apparatus, youll see the temperature climb and then stabilize when it reache s the temperature of the ethanol-water vapor. Once you reach it, do not allow the temperature to exceed the stable value. If the temperature starts to climb again, it means the ethanol is gone from the distillation vessel. At this point, you could add more of the impure alcohol, if it didnt all fit in the container at the start. Continue distillation until you have collected at least 100 mL in the receiving beaker.Allow the distillate (liquid you collected) to cool to room temperature.Transfer 100.00 mL of this liquid into the volumetric flask, weigh the flask plus alcohol, subtract the weight of the flask (from earlier), and record the mass of the alcohol. Divide the mass of the alcohol by 100 to get the density of your distillate in g/mL. You can compare this value against a table of values to estimate the purity of your alcohol. The density of pure ethanol around room temperature is 0.789 g/mL.If you want, you can run this liquid through another distillation to increase its purity. Keep in mind, some alcohol is lost during every distillation, so youll have a lower yield with the second distillation and even less final product if you do a third distillation. If you double or triple distill your alcohol, you can determine its density and estimate its purity using the same method outlined for the first disti llation. Notes About Alcohol Ethanol is sold in the pharmacy sections of stores as a disinfectant. It may be called ethyl alcohol, ethanol or ethyl rubbing alcohol. Another common type of alcohol used for rubbing alcohol is isopropyl alcohol or isopropanol. These alcohols have different properties (notably, isopropyl alcohol is toxic), so if it matters which one you need, be sure the desired alcohol is listed on the label. Hand sanitizer gels also often use ethanol and/or isopropanol. The label should list which type of alcohol is used under the active ingredients. Notes About Purity Distilling denatured alcohol will remove enough impurities for may lab applications. Further purification steps could include passing the alcohol over activated carbon. This would be especially helpful if the point of the distillation is to obtain drinkable ethanol. Be very careful distilling ethanol to drink using denatured alcohol as a source. If the denaturing agent was simply an additive intended to make the alcohol bitter, this purification might be fine, but if toxic substances were added to the alcohol, a lesser degree of contamination may remain in the distilled product. This is especially likely if the contaminant had a boiling point close to that of the ethanol. You can reduce contamination by discarding the first bit of ethanol that is collected and the last portion. It also helps to tightly control the temperature of the distillation. Just be aware: distilled alcohol is not suddenly pure! Even commercially produced ethanol still contains traces of other chemicals.

Wednesday, March 4, 2020

Botswana †From Ancient Times to Current Democracy

Botswana – From Ancient Times to Current Democracy The Republic of Botswana in southern Africa was once a British protectorate but now is an independent country with a stable democracy. It is also an economic success story, rising from its status as one of the poorest countries of the world to the middle-income level, with sound financial institutions and plans to reinvest its natural resource income. Botswana  is a landlocked country dominated by the Kalahari Desert and flatlands, rich in diamonds and other minerals. Early History and People Botswana has been inhabited by humans since the dawn of modern humans about 100,000 years ago. The San and Khoi peoples were the original inhabitants of this area and South Africa. They lived as hunter-gatherers and spoke Khoisan languages, noted for their click consonants. Migrations of People into Botswana The Great Zimbabwe empire extended into eastern Botswana a thousand years ago, and more groups migrated into the Transvaal. The areas major ethnic group is the Batswana who were herders and farmers living in tribal groups. There were larger migrations into Botswana of these people from South Africa during the Zulu wars of the early 1800s. The group traded ivory and skins with the Europeans in exchange for guns and were Christianized by missionaries. British Establish the Bechuanaland Protectorate Dutch Boer settlers entered Botswana from the Transvaal, sparking hostilities with the Batswana. The leaders of the Batswana sought assistance from the British. As a result, the Bechuanaland Protectorate was established on March 31, 1885, including modern Botswana and parts of present-day South Africa. Pressure to Join the Union of South Africa The inhabitants of the protectorate did not want to be included in the proposed Union of South Africa when it was formed in 1910. They were successful in staving it off, but South Africa continued to pressure the UK to incorporate Bechuanaland, Basutoland, and Swaziland into South Africa. Separate advisory councils of Africans and Europeans were established in the protectorate and the tribal rule and powers were further developed and regularized. Meanwhile, South Africa elected a nationalist government and established apartheid. A European-African advisory council was formed in 1951, and a consultative legislative council was established by a  constitution in 1961. In that year, South Africa withdrew from the British Commonwealth. Botswana Independence and Democratic Stability Independence was secured peacefully by Botswana in June  1964. They established a constitution in 1965 and held general elections to finalize independence in 1966. The first president was Seretse Khama, who was the grandson of King Khama III of the Bamangwato people and a prominent figure in the movement for independence. He was trained in law in Britain and married to a white British woman. He served three terms and died in office in 1980. His vice president, Ketumile Masire, likewise was reelected several times, followed by Festus Mogae and then Khamas son, Ian Khama. Botswana continues to have a stable democracy. Challenges for the Future Botswana is home to the worlds largest diamond mine and its leaders are wary of over-dependence on a single industry. Their economic growth has raised them into the middle-income bracket, although there is still high unemployment and socioeconomic stratification. A significant challenge is the HIV/AIDS epidemic, with a prevalence estimated at over 20 percent in adults, the third highest in the world.​Source: US Department of State Background Notes