The Impact Of History And Counseling Theories - 1046 Words

The Impact of History and Counseling Theories We are in a time where countless individuals are under extreme forms of stress, etc. The National Alliance on Mental Health cites nearly Approximately 1 in 5 adults in the U.S., or 43.8 million, experiences mental illness in each year. Minority growth is increasing at a rapid pace in the United States. There is a growing need for culturally competent, sensitive therapists can interact with various diverse ethnic groups, LGBTQ, and the disabled. Unfortunately, understanding culture and being sensitive to the issues of that culture is often challenging for a counselor. Self-awareness is a critical component to being able to help minority clients. This paper will discuss the impact of history†¦show more content†¦There is an ongoing need culturally competent counselor, therapist, and psychologists. The American Counseling Association realized the need to revise their guidelines to incorporate cultural diversity. Another benefit is that there is now ongoing dialogue about cultural diversity within the mental health field. There is recognition that there is a need for diversity of professionals in the mental health field. This is a positive sign. Though we have a long way to go, it is an encouraging start. African-Americans and the Avoidance of Psychotherapy Historically, and currently the African American culture tends to avoid consent. There is a plethora of reasons for the apprehensions of psychotherapy. There are many stigmatizing beliefs about mental illness and health that African Americans believe (Thompson,2004). There is a stigma, judgment, costs, as well as taboo regarding mental health. Often, it is assumed that their spirituality and family will carry them through their issues they are dealing with. As an African American female with my own frame of reference with racism, I can understand the apprehensions when it comes to the mental health profession. Realizing that not all Caucasian counselors / therapists are prejudiced, I do believe that many of them are not culturally sensitive to the plight of African Americans. A class or two will not address all the issues within the African American communities. It goes far beyond that. A culturally competentShow MoreRelatedHow Counseling Is Impacted The Well Being Of Cultural Diverse Populations By Increasing Growth1099 Words   |  5 PagesCounseling has impacted the well-being of cultural diverse populations by increasing growth in ethnical and minority groups. Cultural diverse has influence counselors to work together as one, empower skills to meet the challenges and demands of diverse client groups (Hays, 2016). Counselors utilize interventions focused on client’s needs to assess cultural concerns. 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Environmental Concerns In India Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

The importance of environment has been recognized in India since long. This is besides reflected in our fundamental law where in it is stated that it shall be the responsibility of every citizen to protect and better the natural environment including forest, lakes, rivers, wild life and to hold compassion for all life animals. Harmonizing to national policy of instruction, † there is a paramount demand to make a consciousness of environment it must pervade all ages and all subdivisions of the society, get downing with the kid, environmental consciousness shold inform instruction in schools and colleges. We will write a custom essay sample on Environmental Concerns In India Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now This aspect be integrated in full educational procedure † . 2. Electrical engineering in India has percolated to all facets of instruction including primary, secondary and third instruction through formal and informal systems of instruction. It has the mark population that include pupils, instructors, physicians, applied scientists and even common people. 3. in India there is a broad web of EE. There are 10 universities which teach environmental scientific disciplines. University instruction has three major constituents, viz. instruction, research and extension. A assortment of attacks have been used for EE which include legislative attempts, course of study based attack that goes with formal system and informal attacks through cantonments, seminars and mass media. Role Of Media In Creating Environmental Awareness 4. Mass media with its range and influential capacity extremely possible instrument for educating the populace and thereby alter the people ‘s mentality. The 4th basic demand of human existences seriously performs these three of import maps information, instruction and persuasion. Armed with its alone power to make an countless figure of audiences at the same instant film editing across geographical barriers there is no other system like it which can successfully perforate the grass roots degree of society. 5. Media Literacy. Mass media has the power to transform the lives of people by authorising them in so many diverse ways. Information and cognition from a assortment of beginnings work towards this terminal. And it should play this function to the optimum. This farther entails ‘media instruction ‘ on a big graduated table which needs to turn to aspect like- how to understand the medium, appreciate it, its strengths and failings, who controls it what is the doctrine, policy of the medium, how to sift good from bad, how to take part in the media etc. This is because the demand for understanding the medium has ne’er been so of import. In such a scenario it plays the function of a ‘great Jesus ‘ as it provides a platform for mass instruction, amusement and thereby persuasion. In fact it can besides be termed as an ‘informal university ‘ for any society for its function in steering messages of importance to the multitudes. 6. The Big Challenge. Now the most of import inquiry is how to turn to such a large population for making environmental consciousness amongst them. This is where the public-service corporation of the mass media comes in ready to hand for the large challenge. Bing a mass communicating academic and with experiences in print every bit good as electronic media ( Radio News Services to be precise ) we would wish to restrict ourselves within the parametric quantities of mass media instead than traveling into the proficient inside informations of the subject under treatment. 7. Media Concern about the cause. Now, have we taken any effectual and practical stairss for using such a extremely possible vehicle with its built-in ability to make the multitudes with messages of environmental consciousness in a convenient mode. The reply will be negative. Of class, some attempts are decidedly at that place but they are barely sufficient in position of the outrageousness of the job. 8. In print media most of the newspapers, diaries or magazines barely devote any serous through towards this facet and whatever is there is given in an inexpert manner. Further as about half of the population is illiterate the print media has its ain restriction. Again, like overseas telegram Television, print media in our state is till day of the month more of an urban and semi urban phenomenon instead than convey a rural 1. This explains the other restriction of the medium as an effectual mass medium. 9. Radio: The Right Vehicle. But the medium on which we can bank upon for making environmental consciousness at nowadays is Radio. This true mass medium ignored by people to a large extent has an huge potency to play the function of being a accelerator in efficaciously making environmental consciousness among the people. Let us analyse the ways and means how this can be possible. A really important recent development in the Indian Radio has been the displacement towards using the immense range of Community Radio ( CR ) . The thought is to make the multitudes and consequence a definite alteration in their batch thrown unfastened by this new phenomenon. 10. The CR construct is about â€Å" making something for its ain benefit by the community † . Owning every bit good as commanding its ain agencies of mass communicating is a premier factor in this procedure. The purposes and aims of the CR channels include saving of their civilization and linguistic communications, make such communicating available to the members of the community and the people desired to be affected by it, launch promotion or consciousness making runs for the benefit of the community and the populace at big. So, what else can be a more utile tool the CR construct for accomplishing our intent. 11. By the way, the aim of the Union Ministry of Information and Broadcasting ( MIB ) is to promote front line establishment of higher instruction in different Fieldss for get downing such channels and take up the cause of promotion of the local community. They are besides expected to place and analyse the local issues, job and hunt for possible solutions. So, environmental consciousness can be one of the premier dockets for them. As educational establishments are being encouraged by the MIB for puting up such Stationss this would besides function the intent of planing seamster made message and plans associating to environmental protection for the community. Bing an ideal participatory medium this would heighten the consequence besides higher grade. The MIB visualizes publishing licence to about 1000 such establishments which is a good mark for us. 12. FM Phenomenon. The FM manner of Radio transmittal is going in the thing today. It is a much preferred medium by the multitudes due to its better voice quality and stereo like response Get downing with a few station in 1993 by leting private FM station, late the MIB floated for auctioning 336 FM Stationss al over the state. Out of these, Approximately hundred are set aside for Indira Gandhi National Open University ‘s ( IGNOU ) Gyan Vani programme and other educational establishments. The Gyan Vaniprogramme is an attempt of IGNOU for spreadingits educational programmes throughout the state with a web of about 100 Stationss in the close hereafter. We believe these should be ideal vehicles for taking the messages of environmental concerns to the multitudes in the existent sense of the term. 13. Lacunae. We have talked about using the huge potency of mass media for spread outing the cause of environmental concerns. In this connexion there is an express demand for integrating the topic in the course of study of classs of survey in Journalism and Mass Communication in the universities. Like we have said earlier, this facet has besides non received the attending it should hold been given really, for covering with the distressing state of affairs. Of class. Quite a few universities might be holding specialisations in the topic as portion of their classs of mass communicating. But most of the other such establishments barely have anything like that. But we do steadfastly believe that unless this facet is made a portion of the general class course of study, our intent would non be solved at all. This is a premier necessity for accomplishing entire literacy in the field of environmental consciousness. At the same clip it should besides be kept in head that there can be no alter nate than utilizing the mass media vehicles for distributing consciousness about environmental issues. This is because this manner of communicating gives us a convenient tool for turn toing the on a big graduated table which no other system can present. Stairss Which Have Been Taken By The Govt 14. Depletion of the ozone bed, â€Å" the increasing species extinction, disposal of toxic and atomic wastes in the vulnerable countries of the planet, the ‘loss of woods and of cultivable dirt at an dismaying rate are a few of the many planetary environmental alteration that will impact the endurance of the present and future coevals † As it has been said, we do non inherit the environment from our sires, we borrow it from future coevalss. Each person ‘s life today depends on the public presentation of many other persons. For illustration, sloppiness in welding or in care in a atomic reactor or chemical works could kill 1000s and 100s of 1000 of people non merely in the works and its locality but even at a considerable distance off from it. Similarly a truck driver or a rail, route applied scientist could do aggregate deceases and environmental devastation through sloppiness while transporting unsafe wastes from chemical workss or a atomic reactor. The opportunit y of serious accidents that could pass over our homo, animate being and works life and destruct the environment have steadily increased. An pressing demand for collaborative action on a planetary degree has long been felt. 15. In 1972, representatives of 113 World Governments assembled in Stockholm to take part in the United Nations Conference on Human Environment. The Stockholm conference proclaimed that: â€Å" The protection and betterment of human environment is a major issue which affect the wellbeing of people and economic development throughout the universe and it is the responsibility of all authorities and people to exercise common attempt for the saving and betterment of human environment for the benefit of all people and their descendants † . 16. Many states have hence introduced control mechanisms to discourage and penalize the endeavors go againsting the environment. They have enacted particular condemnable Torahs or amended their penal codifications by making new condemnable Torahs in order to prosecute the most crying wrongdoers through the condemnable prosecution system. The Nipponese jurisprudence for the penalty of offenses associating to environmental pollution was the first such measure. Penal codifications of the Federal Republic of Germany German Democratic Republic ( as it so was ) Hungary, Portugal, Spain and Brazil, shortly followed. States that do non lawfully distinguish between regulative offenses and offenses, such as Canada and the United States, have created new ordinances related to offenses covering with crying misdemeanor and provided stiff penalty with mulcts and prison sentence to lawbreakers. 17. India was the first state to enforce a fundamental law duty on the State and citizens to protect and better the environment as one of the primary responsibilities. Article 48-A of the Indian Constitution provides: â€Å" The province shall endeavour to protect and better the environment and to safeguard wood and wildlife of the state. † 18. Article 51-A provides: â€Å" It shall be the responsibility of every citizen of Indian to protect and better the natural environment including woods lakes, rivers and wildlife and to hold compassion for life animals. † 19. Thus the Constitution of Indian has proviso to do environment statute laws, province and the coincident lists of topics on which Parliament and State Legislature are empowered to pass noise control, land betterment, irrigation, town planning, slum clearance, lodging strategies, pest control, smoke control, H2O pollution, woods, wildlife, diversion etc. Consequently, Torahs have been enacted on some of the topic, The Factories Act.1948. The Insecticides Act,1968. The Water ( Prevention and Control of Pollution ) Act, 1974. The air ( Prevention and Control of Pollution ) 1981. The Forest ( Conservation ) Act,1980. The Wildlife ( Protection ) Act, 1972. The Environment ( Protection ) Act, 1986. 20. Environmental Torahs trade with the job of pollution by a set of regulations under civil wrong jurisprudence as nuisance, carelessness and liability. If you are affected by toxicant exhausts coming from a adjacent industrial unit, or if you are invariably bothered by intolerable noise in the vicinity, or makes your life mineable, interferes with your leisure activities, or makes your life suffering, for case, by maintaining things or animate being in this courtyard which give out errant neighbour wage for his violative behavior, under the civil wrong jurisprudence of nuisance. The tribunal, of class will make a spot of reconciliation of involvements ; see the legality or other wise of the action and the sensible and unreasonable impact on the victim before publishing an injunction followed by the award of amendss. 21. Under the Indian Penal Code ( IPC ) , which codifies the common jurisprudence construct of carelessness, if person commits an act or skip which cause to injury anther the first individual is considered guilty of an improper and negligent act. Pollution of H2O of public spring or a public spring reservoir as to render it unfit for human ingestion is made a condemnable offense under Section 277 of the IPC. Negligent behavior with regard to toxicant substances jeopardizing human life of likely to do hurt is a condemnable offense under subdivision 284. The Union Carbide of Indian could hold been held guilty under this subdivision for doing the Bhopal gas These and other subdivision under the IPC and the Criminal Procedure Code contain a figure of commissariats that could be used to battle pollution of land and air. 22. Most of the components of the environment, like land H2O, forest, etc. are under the horizon of the provinces. For a assortment of grounds, chiefly the provinces are non normally in a place to take effectual action against pollution, or in advancing environmentally sound direction schemes for preservation and development of these resources. It has therefore become necessary for the Union Government to step in when the said resource are threatened with serious depletion. The province of H2O pollution and forest resource depletion and pollution of the air in Indian is such that the Union Government had to originate a series of steps to collar the harm done to these resource two commissariats in the Constitution came ready to hand to the Union for this intent. The first commissariats is Article 242 under which the Union is empowered to go through statute law on affairs mentioned in the province list if so requested by two or more provinces. The Union Government utilized the commissa riats to go through assorted Acts in order to protect the population, present every bit good as the hereafter coevalss, and the environment from what appears to be grim move towards suicide. The Environment ( Protection ) Act 22. The Environment ( protection ) Act was passed by the Parliament on 23rd May 1986. The Act refers to the Stockholm Conference of 1972 and is based on Article 253 of the Conference. By virtuousness of this Act, the Union Government has armed itself with considerable powers deemed necessary for the bar, control and suspension of environment of environmental pollution The power include, coordination of action by provinces be aftering and executing of countrywide programmes, puting down environmental quality criterions specially those regulating emanation or discharge of environmental pollutants, puting restrictionries and the location of industries and so on. The powers claimed are so comprehension of environmental accidents, research review of fouling units, constitution of research labs, airing of information, etc. A whole set of administrative processs and stuctures are envisaged under the act. If implemented in missive and spirit the act will change over the Ministry of Environme nt and Forests into a ace ministry commanding the full gamut of industrial and other developmental activities. A fearful attitude in the enforcement of this Act could take merely to environmental window-dressing of Acts passed by the Government. Drawbacks in Environmental Legislation 23. Legislation is frequently non perfect. There are assorted drawbacks in the Acts enacted in relation to environment. Forest constitute a critical resource of the state. It is a scientifically established fact that the forest screens should be at least 1/3 of the land country for a healthy provinces of environment. Vegetation generates O. Trees hold the dirt together and in Indian the woods provide support to 1000000s of tribal and villagers populating in and around woods. Experts and the mass media have brought to the attending of the decision-makers and the populace at big, the fact that the forest screen of the state has been quickly shriveling. Some estimations put the per centum coverage at non more than 12 per cent of the land country. Fuel starved villagers, greedy forest contractors and corrupt functionaries are the proved perpetrators. 24. Some clip back, the Government came up with a well significance but potentially Draconian Forest Bill. There was virtually uproar against the Bill.-principally on two evidences. One, That the Bill would do felons of all tribal life in and off the woods, because it prohibits the pickings of all the green goods, including foliages and fruits from the woods. Two the proposed Bill converted forest officer into Judgess and executioners at the same clip. The measure failed to pull public support because it adopted an oppressive colonial theoretical account of jurisprudence. 25. Troubles in Enforcement of Environmental Legislation. Besides holding legislative activity the province of the environment in India continues to be glooming. The rivers and the lakes continue to be choked with sewerage and industrial waste. The air quality in same major metropoliss has gained the doubtful differentiation of being worse than that of the American metropoliss like Chicago and New York. Forest continue to vanish, and the attendant loss of dirt has led to the flagellum of inundations with disgusting regularity. What can the state do to change by reversal the procedure and reconstruct a balanced province of the environment? 26. There is nil basically incorrect with out-of-court colony of environmental differences. In fact, in same developed states like the United States, a penchant is shown towards such a process. But in India, officially initiate and sanctioned out of tribunal colony may worsen the perennial job of corruptness. Sharing the costs of anti-pollution steps taken by the industry seems to be better scheme than state-sponsored expensive and drawn-out prosecutions. 27. The educational establishments should play an of import function in eliciting civic consciousness for suspension of environmental pollution by guaranting that every citizen is knowing plenty about the environment to take an intelligent involvement in pollution jobs. For this EE should be made an indispensable portion of the course of study in educational system. Research workers should be encouraged and sponsored by the educational establishments and the authorities. Particularly, in the field of Adult Education, an of import topographic point must be given to the environmental issues. Man himself due to the deficiency of cognition or carelessness creates environmental job. EE should be a portion of grownup instruction to unwrap the planetary job to the populace, and aid to protect his environment. Hence, the present survey was undertaken to happen out the extent of cognition possessed by the rural grownups in environmental facets like air pollution, H2O due to dikes and mines, l and pollution, energy crisis, afforestation, pollution environmental sanitation, nutrient issues and environmental statute law and to happen out their attributed demand for educating themselves in the facets associating to environmental issues Chapter VI: Consequence OF RECOMMENDED MEASURES ON THE DEVELOPMENT INDEX 1. In the old chapters we have seen how over development and over ingestion has resulted in debasement of environment which has adversely affected the rate of economic development. It is observed that fouling the planet has been a profitable concern to transnational corporations. Harmonizing to a recent WWF study, if we maintain the current degree of ingestion, the Earth resources will be exhausted within coming 50 old ages. From the undermentioned projections we can hold a just thought sing the growing of international trade after constitution of the World Trade Organization. The aim is to research the impact of WTO on environment and to happen the roots of the environmental consciousness and its related accounting, scrutinizing and application countries. There is a turning concern that an economic growing scheme which seeks to be both inclusive and sustainable should incorporate clime alteration effects in order to guarantee that the long term effects of the eco development are non damaging to human good being. 2. The govt has taken assorted steps and stairss to rid of the losingss to our natural resources but they have been found to be unequal. There is ample range for research and development which focuses on the precedences of the Indian economic system. Since instruction is a tool no plan can be a success without taking certain stairss in the field of instruction. Though the same has been done by the govt but there is still a batch to be done every bit far as including EE into the formal construction of our instruction. 3. In this chapter we shall see the effects of these stairss on the consuming natural resources. As the stairss taken by Indian Govt are at a nascent phase their impacts are besides non much visible, nevertheless universe over has identified this job and more outstanding steps are being taken. An accounting system has been made by the UN to cipher assorted things i.e. natural resource plus history etc. During the last decennary few enchiridions and a package were developed by the UN which assisted in ciphering the inauspicious affects of a peculiar industry or house on the environmental debasement. This is known as green accounting based on which licences are being given to new workss. 4. Requirement of Green Accounting and Audit. The Environmental Management System ( EMS ) calls for acceptance of certain mechanism, i.e. , budgeting, investing assessment, bing, duty accounting, public presentation assessment and green coverage. There has been a turning consciousness to include environmental histories with the fiscal statements. Guidelines in different signifiers are given in BS 7750. EMAS and ISO 14000 series of criterions Uniformity is absolutely needed in Environmental Accounting Mechanism that may be followed by every state of this Global Village. It is observed that SEEA can supply the slightly common model both for developing and developed states. It is really hard to maintain path with the outgo for environmental protection activities as the production procedure or techniques are invariably altering to maintain being in the cutthroat completion of the boundary-less concern universe. 5. The Green Accounting has got some definite stairss to travel through which may be arranged as follows: Formation of multidisciplinary squad to place range and graduated table of the green accounting. Designation of green costs. Quantification of green costs. Allotment of green costs to the cost centres. Incorporation of green costs on cost accounting system. Execution of green cost auditing system. 6. Designation and tracking green costs may non be found as an easy undertaking to make. Many of its constituents are lying hidden in overhead costs. So it is really hard to apportion those elements to respective procedure, merchandise and distribution system. Largely such allotments are done on the footing of premises. In footings of scientific grounds of clime alteration, there is a sensible consensus on the deductions for India. The projected rainfall alterations, rise in temperature, rise in sea degree, inundations and drouths. This is traveling to do decrease in degree of production, deduction for the coastal support and last but non the least ingestion of a house clasp or an single can fall below some socially recognized norms. All this implies that clime alteration is likely to impact India ‘s economic growing through its impacts on resources, particularly H2O resources, woods and coastal lands. Agricultural end product and substructure are likely to be adversely affecte d and would impact the support of the people populating in vulnerable countries like coastal countries. Resources will necessitate to be invested in battling extra beginnings of menaces originating from specific catastrophe – related impacts such as those on wellness and imbibing H2O. 7. India has set up a National Council on Climate Change to advice on scheme for economic development that takes into history planetary heating and sustainable development. An inititive named as Green India to change over six million hectares of debauched wood land into green countries. Stairss have been taken to forestall thaw of the glacier. Another country of concern is Energy Security and the same has been identified by the state. Positive stairss has been taken to prosecute with others on an international degree to turn to this issue. 8. India has focused in the last decennary on the economic growing scheme of extenuation and version. Extenuation is considered to be really of import for sustainable development as it tries to cut down the load on natural resources by taking stairss like preservation, re-afforestation and energy efficiency. This besides focuses on cut downing the GHGs emanations. Adaptation on the other manus, implies steps and policy responses to cut down the possible impacts caused by clime alteration. Adaptation schemes are besides called as header schemes. Increasingly, impact assessment research for clime alteration has become orientated towards exposure appraisal, with a corresponding emphasis on version schemes in the underdeveloped universe. 9. The statistical information shows a changeless diminution in agricultural production in last few decennaries but due to self realisation as a state and after taking some initial stairss the records show an addition in agricultural production in the last decennary i.e. from 2001 – 2011 as compared to the old decennary. However the wellness section has been confronting extra emphasis due to lifting temperatures and altered H2O handiness which had deductions on the wellness position of the people. Another of import thing which has impacted the growing of the state is interstate animuss on sharing of resources – both financial and physical – such as H2O. It has resulted in switching the focal point of the govt from development to resolution of the internal security jobs therefore blowing the energies and resources. 10. Impact On India ‘s Bilateral Relations With Neighbouring Countries. The clime crisis in south Asia, a preponderantly agro – cultural part with a big population dependant on subsistence agribusiness has created profound challenges. The impact of clime alteration on H2O resources and nutrient bring forthing capableness is on an addition and it in bend affects the support and economic activities. Another of import set of societal impacts ensuing from clime alteration in south Asia is the supplanting of big figure of people to inland districts as a effect of rise in sea degree. ( a ) Bangldesh. India and Bangladesh portion the longest land boundary in south Asia. Given the societal, political and economic conditions in Bangladesh, it would non be hard to reason that migration to India is improbable to diminish therefore ensuing in an existent addition in population. However there is no information available to back up the fact as to how many migrators are due to climate alteration but there is no denying the fact that this alone is a major cause of such a big graduated table migration. Another job which has non been addressed by the stairss taken by Indian govt is that of trans boundary rivers. A survey carried out this topic shows no effects on these jobs by the stairss taken by the govt. ( B ) Mayanmar. With an addition in natural catastrophes and the impact of clime alteration, the figure of migrators from Myanmar into India has increased several-fold therefore doing extra jobs of security and drug trafficking. ( degree Celsius ) Pakistan. The major concern for Pakistan is the acute deficit of H2O and that has remained an issue of difference over last many old ages and has non got resolved by any steps taken by the govt. ( vitamin D ) Most of the neighbouring states either island provinces or land locked provinces have been a cause of illegal migration and therefore consequences in jobs like internal security, drug trafficking and an addition in population which is dependent on our state for its endurance. 11. Impact On Warfighting Capability. With the deficiency of consciousness about the topic and due to that depletion of natural resources clime alteration has posed a serious menace on the war contending capableness of the state. With the meltdown of glaciers i.e. of Himalayas and Siachin jobs like break of communicating, brassy inundations, decrease in the figure of house and degree dropping zones/ helipads and thaw of heavy weapon gun platforms asking frequent redisposition. This has impacted at all three degrees i.e. strategic, operational and tactical. ( a ) Strategic Level. We need to reappraise the candidacy season. ( B ) Operational Level. Increased temperatures cause rapid meltdown of glaciers, addition in H2O demand both for work forces and machines and increased wear and tear of the equipment. ( degree Celsius ) Tactical Level. At the tactical degree jobs like mobility, survivability, wellness, fire safeguards and misrepresentation would happen due to climate alteration therefore asking more resources to prolong the forces either logistically or in combat. 12. We have seen in this chapter that how the depletion of natural resources are going a hinderance in the way of economic development and more earnestly are a national security concern. However the same has non been able to acquire similar sort of attending by the govt and therefore the stairss taken by the govt have been found to be unequal and there is an pressing demand to take some austere actions both by the govt and the people to decide this issue. At the same clip non giving equal importance to EE is seeable in the awareness degree of the people on the topic and therefore the limited sense of duty as citizens of the state. Chapter VII – Recommendation AND CONCLUSION 1. We have seen in old chapters that absence of EE substructure in the formal instruction substructure is doing manyfold amendss i.e. ( a ) Lack of consciousness of the topic amongst the people of the state. ( B ) Depletion of natural resources. ( degree Celsius ) Adversely impacting the rate of economic growing index of the state. ( vitamin E ) Affecting the dealingss with neighbouring states. ( degree Fahrenheit ) Becoming national security concern. 2. Many stairss have been taken taken by the govt over last one decennary but few are in the nascent phase, few have died their ain decease and few have non been able to take off from the beginning. There are really few steps like â€Å" GO GREEN † and â€Å" GREEN INDIA † but they are found to be unequal. The basic job lies amongst the people that there is no Sense Of Responsibility and the primary cause is that there is no importance being given to EE by the govt. There are few universities and schools which have started with the classs on this topic but still it is happening its topographic point in the formal instruction substructure. 3. Along with presenting EE there are a big figure of stairss which are required to be taken at the degree of govt. These stairss if non taken at the same time and instantly would do the growing index to come below 8 % as depletion of natural resources and clime alteration would do natural catastrophes more often. This indirectly would do a immense punishment on the govt. in footings of resources i.e. money and equipment which could otherwise hold been channelized towards the economic development of the state. 4. Stairss Required To Be Taken By The Govt. ( a ) Formal Education System. It is required to present the topic of EE as portion of school course of study and do it a compulsory topic. The inauspicious affects of clime alteration on the growing index and national security are required to be taught to the kids at the really get downing. There after there is a demand to guarantee that kids feel responsible and they take the needed steps for forestalling the clime alteration. This manner the whole coevals would hold responsible citizens and would be able to back up the stairss taken by the govt. ( B ) Move Towards Low Carbon Growth Path. Surveies indicate that climate sensitiveness of agribusiness is increasing over clip. There is a demand to switch or travel to a low C growing way as per the planetary economic order. The govt. should be able to measure the harm being caused to a sector like agribusiness due to climate alteration and therefore do policies to provide for this. ( degree Celsius ) Adaptation Strategies. Adaptation schemes which are relevant in this context include enlargement of insurance screen to include climate hazards such as implosion therapy, cropping alterations and substructure. The economic rating of amendss and costs of policies to turn to clime concerns is an of import input for planing schemes for readiness for catastrophes, insurance strategies, be aftering for wellness, H2O and other infrastructural installations. Siting of industries, planning of substructure and location of wellness installations should let for hazards emanating from future clime alteration impacts. This would help the govt. and people to be better prepared for natural catastrophes and therefore would alleviate govt. of the emphasis ( monetory ) to rehabilitate people in instance of a natural catastrophe. ( vitamin D ) Improving Energy Efficiency. In a globalizing universe, with sustainable development as a nucleus end for the Indian economic system, schemes for bettering energy efficiency are a must. Improvements in energy efficiency are dependent on the handiness of advanced engineerings that improve energy efficiency. The root causes for increasing emanations prevarication in fossil fuel burning. Agriculture contributes less to GHGs. In India the highest emanation of CO2 is from thermic electricity, chiefly because of its dependance on coal. The acceptance of clean coal engineering is the option that is required to be considered. International support is required in turn toing how best the developed universe ( G8 ) can assist in acceptance of such engineering. ( vitamin E ) Education As A Core. All the stairss mentioned supra are non possible with a sound backup of surveies and analysis carried out on the topic. These analysis can merely be carried out by the alumnuss of EE therefore once more we realize the importance of formal debut of the topic. ( degree Fahrenheit ) Misc Steps. There are a figure of stairss which can be taken to maintain a cheque on the inclination of over development by the people. ( I ) Additional Stamp Duty On Diesel Cars. Govt. should set extra cast responsibility on enrollment of Diesel autos and should advance sale of vehicles with eco friendly fuel i.e. CNG. ( two ) One Family One Car. Govt. should set a prohibition on purchase of more than one auto by one household to advance the usage of public conveyance which in most of the tube metropoliss is running on eco friendly fuel. Decision 5. No programme can be success without instruction as instruction is what makes people cognizant of the demand for any activity and can bring forth much needed support for that activity. EE has been in trend since homo being holding been interacting with the universe around them and learning their kids to make the same. There are historical grounds for EE. People get basic environmental maps in order to turn nutrient, find H2O and protect themselves from the clime. We still need the cognition of environment to determine our scientific discipline and engineering and to perpetuate the modern universe. Almost all major natural resources of the universe in sedate danger of irreparable harm the lone hope of salving this sedate state of affairs is by doing the immature aware that they need to proactively get down to protect the environment they will inherit which can merely be done by EE. 6. Environmental instruction develops a basic cognition and apprehension of environmental procedures and the cause consequence of environmental jobs. Therefore environmental instruction is the key to sustainable development. Sustainable development is the development that meets the demands of the present without compromising the ability of future coevalss to run into their ain demands. Sustainable development is a form of resource usage that aims to run into human demands while continuing the environment so that these demands can be met non merely in the present, but in the indefinite hereafter. Sustainability is a procedure which tells of a development of all facets of human life impacting nutriment. Sustainable development ties together concern for the transporting capacity of natural systems with the societal challenges confronting humanity Sustainable development focuses on improvizing the quality of life for the Earth ‘s full citizen without increasing the usage of natural resources beyond the capacity of the environment to provide them indefinitely. 7. It requires an understanding and awareness among people for environmental jobs and preservation techniques. It has by and large been accepted that accomplishing sustainable development will necessitate reconciliation environmental, social, and economic considerations in the chase of development and an improved quality of life. Therefore the research is concluded in the favor of the hypothesis i.e. non giving equal importance to EE a phase has reached that it has started impacting the growing index adversely and as a state we are non prepared to confront the harm which may be caused due to climate alteration. Further deficiency of EE is ensuing in deficiency of consciousness on portion of the govt. every bit good as people of the state. . How to cite Environmental Concerns In India Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Construction Management Infrastructure Development

Question: Discuss about theConstruction Managementfor Infrastructure Development. Answer: Introduction The construction industry in Oman gradually increases with the infrastructure development only because of its equality and freedom of completion in the construction industry. According to Bakar et al. (2012), Omans water and power market have numerous complex projects and due to this reason, the construction sector of Oman will always remain robust. On the other hand, it can be predicted that the construction sector will play a decisive and pivotal role in transforming the economic condition of Oman in immense manner. This particular discourse will discuss the effectiveness of the present government legislations and strategies for delivering sustainable construction. This study will also explore the significant barriers that prevent the gradual progress of delivering sustainable construction in Oman. A SWOT analysis will be presented for evaluating the possibility of the construction industry of Oman to become a global leader in the sustainable construction sector. At the end of this essay, there will be few practical recommendations that Oman can draw from the experiences of the United Kingdom for improving the more sustainable way in future. Discussion Sustainable construction refers to the green construction as this kind of construction follow environment-friendly processes from making the design to the maintenance operation, construction operation, demolition, and renovation. As Oman can be considered as a country with an enhancing construction market, therefore, following the sustainable construction in strict manner may help to develop its sustainable construction industry, as it possesses the ability to promote the procedure of innovation and opportunities. Hong et al. (2015) have mentioned that in order to sustain in todays competitive business world, the innovation and opportunities are required for mitigating any kind of challenges within a particular industry. The Khazzan Project is an example of sustainable construction in Oman. The sustainable construction of this particular project involves the process of the entire construction operation, the environment, safety of the workers, entire management system and the process of the construction company in order to address the risk management on the site (Alkalbani et al. 2013). Even the sustainable construction of The Khazzan Project covers the investment of this particular construction in the local economies, addressing the grievances or concerns, which this project encounter and the development of the local capabilities. The objective of the project was no harm to people, no accidents and absolutely no damage to the environment. Alnuaimi and Mohsin (2013) have suggested that safety is the principle factor in the sustainable construction. The Khazzan Project concentrates on a strong workforce capability and safety culture. Over the past few decades, Sultanate of Oman experiences a rapid economic enhancement, which is closely interlinked with the flourishing of the sustainable construction industry (Ijaola and Iyagba 2012). This specific sector has observed the primary beneficiary with a blooming of several new infrastructure projects, which serve the rapid urban development. The government of Oman has understood the necessity of sustainable construction for future development of the country; therefore, the government incorporates new strategies and legislations. The sustainability progress strategy suggests the values should be at the heart of the sustainable construction industry. The technological strategy has helped to use the green equipments and materials, which are considered to be as vital factors for implementation of the sustainable construction practices. The major challenges of this particular strategy are the limited availability of the green materials in the local market of Oman (Islam and Khadem 2013). Even the uncertainties of the industry stakeholders and their performance have a large impact on the sustainable construction industry of Oman. However, because of the cost effectiveness, the technological strategies are followed by most of the construction company in Oman. The capacity strategy involves significant aspects, which hinders in the capacity of several stakeholders in order to collaborate towards a common objective that is the lack of well-defined practices in sustainable construction industry. Yafai et al. (2014) have referred that the construction industry of Oman is solely depends on the foreign workforce; therefore, the government should be improvised the existing laws and legislations in order to support the performance of foreign workers. Oman maintains various judicial bodies in order to adjudicate various disputes related to the construction industry. Omani Centre for Investment Promotions and Export Development (OCIPED) promotes the sustainable c onstruction for supporting a better environment in future. The government legislations promote the investments for exportation and the foreign investors in Oman. Omans Basic Law of the State also determines some important aspects of the construction industry of Oman (Abidin and Powmya 2014). The commercial court has own jurisdictions regarding the labour and taxes of the construction industry. All of these mentioned legislations and strategies adopted by the government of Oman and the other governmental bodies suggest improving its practice of delivering sustainable construction in future. The sustainable construction efforts in Oman are often unsuccessful because of numerous key barriers to the successful implementation (Lim et al. 2015). However, the business experts of the construction companies possess enough capabilities for identifying the obstacles and mitigate these barriers with appropriate incorporation strategies. The major barriers of the sustainable construction industry in Oman involve the financial barriers, political barriers, technical barriers, management barriers, knowledge barriers and the socio-cultural barriers. The financial barriers involve the fear of the higher investment costs, client worries in the profitability, lack of funds, fear of long payback period and the basic ignorance of the life cycle cost of the implementation of the sustainable construction. On the other hand, the lack of building codes of conducts on sustainability, lack of effective legislations and some lack of government commitment can be considered as essential political b arriers that mat influence the business operation of the sustainable construction industry in Oman. Abidin and Powmya (2014) have mentioned that although the government of Oman promotes an ethical code of conducts in the sustainable construction sector, still there are few lacks of its implication in the construction site. However, the sustainable construction industry of Oman also encounter with the management and leadership barriers and these engage the lack of market segmentation, lack of leadership, lack of aspiration and motivational values and beliefs of the managers. Saleh (2015) has determined that the delay in the decision-making process often hamper the activities in the sustainable construction. The leadership and the management of the sustainable construction industry play a major role in achieving a successful implementation of the innovative strategies, which are required for the further development of this particular sector in Oman. Without the constant innovative management, support, and the leadership capabilities, it is next to impossible for the construction companies of Oman to overcome any potential barriers that may influence the entire business operation. However, the concept of implementing the strategies to mitigate the challenges also may face several difficulties. The technic al barriers involve the identified lack of the environmentally sustainable materials, lack of tool and equipment of the sustainability, lack of readily available guidance, lack of chronic skills, labour shortage and technical abilities for the sustainable constructions. From the cases of sustainable constructions in Oman, it can be examined that the construction environment requires being fully acquainted with the principles of sustainable constructions for implementing its basic practices. It has been asserted that the designers of the sustainable construction industry need adequate motivations, technological supports for addressing the relevant issues like the designs of sustainable construction. On the other hand, the use of resources of green building products, for instance, the improved glazing systems has proved difficult for several sustainable construction projects in Oman. Al Mohsin (2012) has contradicted that the socio-cultural barriers are potential than the barriers men tioned above for sustainable construction industry. The construction industry of Oman operates its various activities in specific style, which is completely different from the other sustainable construction practices across the world. This particular sector of Oman presents as an essential sector that is traditionally difficult to transform especially with respect to the practices construction methods and the usage of the building materials. Often there is lack of demands of the sustainable products by the stakeholders and the clients. Knowledge barriers involve the actual lack of awareness of opportunities, misunderstanding and the ignorance of common perception regarding sustainability. In the various sustainable construction practices of Oman, there are certain evidences of the hindrance only because of the lack of information within the stakeholder group. According to Saleh (2015) it is important for the stakeholders of the sustainable construction companies to be aware of the s ustainable measures or any alternatives, which fall within their remit. On the other hand, the installation of the sustainable materials and technologies require an entirely new form of knowledge and competencies. In order to mitigate all of the mentioned barriers in the sustainable construction of Oman, the management and the government should be expert and require gathering essential experiences. The SWOT analysis of the construction industry of Oman can evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities, as it possesses the capability to become the global leader in the sustainable construction. The strengths of the construction industry involve the high bargaining power suppliers, secure distribution channels, customer loyalty, technological skills, production quality, leading brands, good reputation and diversified portfolio. Even this particular sector has a large influence on the market and enhances the economic conditions (Chen et al. 2012). However, the weaknesses of the construction industry of Oman denote its poor structural inertia with high transaction costs. There is a weak concentration on the entire innovation process of this industry and it hardly focuses on the private sectors. The weaknesses also involve the absence of important skills and lower rates of customer retention. The opportunities of the construction industry of Oman involve its constant emerging new markets, gradual developments of modern technologies and the demand for safer equipment. On the other hand, the low bargaining power buyers can determine the threats to this industry and it is highly regulated industry. The construction products are very highly imitative. There are certain ethical pressures for mitigating challenges that are often faced by the construction companies in Oman. The fundamental prices of the raw materials fluctuate in great manner. As opined by Hosseini et al. (2014), the construction industry is usually made up with several characteristics with various opinions from the contractors, consultants and clients, who work together as an efficient team for ensuring a successful completion of the taken project. The government of Oman should embark on relevant and applicable policies and procedures, like the United Kingdom, which can provide a critical and appropriate support for making the sustainable construction feasible. The experiences of UK have selected Construction 2025 Industrial Strategy for further delivering of the sustainability environment. Even if Oman can overcome all of the indentified barriers then it will enable a suitable construction for the construction practitioners, which will benefit the society at large manner. In order to ensure a successful implementation of the sustainable construction following the experience of UK, the government of Oman should come up with some special code of conducts, standards related to the sustainable construction application and practices and legislations. The UK constructions companies arrange seminars, discussions, workshops and training sessions for the stakeholders in order to help them to understand the necessity of the sustainable construction in todays competitive business world, the government of Oman should follow the same (Bakar and Razak 2016). Conclusion As there is a large scope of benefit in the particular construction industry of Oman with the implication of sustainable design, suitable policies of the government, therefore, the business experts of the construction companies should follow the construction practices in effective manner. There are also requirements for the government of Oman to initiate some fiscal incentives for the employees of the sustainable construction organisation of the country. Even the suitable financial measurements can allow the sustainable housing construction for competing with the conventional construction on the predicted cost by the company. This process will help to generate a great demand and it will stimulate the fundamental scale of the economic conditions. It will eventually favour number of sustainable construction methods and technologies than the current one. The local government is required to understand the essential role that they can play in the entire planning process, which provides an ideal opportunity for promoting sustainable development in the construction industry of Oman. References Abidin, N.Z. and Powmya, A., 2014. Drivers for green construction in Oman and its future prospects.Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research,21(6), pp.929-935. Abidin, N.Z. and Powmya, A., 2014. Perceptions on motivating factors and future prospects of green construction in Oman.Journal of Sustainable Development,7(5), p.231. Al Mohsin, M., 2012. Claim analysis of construction projects in Oman.International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology,2(2), pp.186-191. Alkalbani, S., Rezgui, Y., Vorakulpipat, C. and Wilson, I.E., 2013. ICT adoption and diffusion in the construction industry of a developing economy: The case of the sultanate of Oman.Architectural Engineering and Design Management,9(1), pp.62-75. Alnuaimi, A.S. and Mohsin, M., 2013, December. Causes of delay in completion of construction projects in oman. InInternational Conference on Innovations in Engineering and Technology(pp. 267-270). Bakar, A., Bin, A.H., Ali, K., Onyeizu, E.N. and Yusof, M.N., 2012. Evaluating Risk Management Practices in Construction Industry: Evidence From Oman.International Journal of Academic Research,4(2). Bakar, A.H.A. and Razak, A.A. eds., 2016.Construction Management in Perspective: Contemporary issues, ideas and Initiatives. Penerbit USM. Chen, C.S., Tsui, Y.K., Dzeng, R.J. and Wang, W.C., 2015. Application of project-based change management in construction: A case study.Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,21(1), pp.107-118. Hong, T., Koo, C., Kim, J., Lee, M. and Jeong, K., 2015. A review on sustainable construction management strategies for monitoring, diagnosing, and retrofitting the buildings dynamic energy performance: focused on the operation and maintenance phase.Applied Energy,155, pp.671-707. Hosseini, M.R., Chileshe, N., Zuo, J. and Baroudi, B., 2014. The status quo of innovations within the construction industry: A conceptual model.International Journal of Project Organisation and Management. Ijaola, I.A. and Iyagba, R.O., 2012. A comparative study of causes of change orders in public construction project in Oman.Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences,3(5), p.495. Islam, M.A. and Khadem, M.M.R.K., 2013. Productivity determinants in Oman construction industry.International Journal of Productivity and Quality Management,12(4), pp.426-448. Lim, Y.S., Xia, B., Skitmore, M., Gray, J. and Bridge, A., 2015. Education for sustainability in construction management curricula.International Journal of Construction Management,15(4), pp.321-331. Powmya, A. and Abidin, N.Z., 2014. The challenges of green construction in Oman.International Journal of Sustainable Construction Engineering and Technology,5(1), pp.33-41. Saleh, M.S., 2015. Towards sustainable construction in Oman: Challenges Opportunities.Procedia Engineering,118, pp.177-184. Yafai, K.N., Hassan, J.S., Balubaid, S., Zin, R.M. and Hainin, M.R., 2014. Development of a risk assessment model for Oman Construction industry.Jurnal Teknologi,70(7).

Microsoft Essays - Steve Jobs, Personal Computing,

Microsoft In the early 80s the world so the initial boom of the computer era. The first personal computers were sold and the main players of the business were sorted out. Two of the prominent figures were Steve Jobs and Bill Gates. Each pioneering their own front, the two entered the 90s as the computer world celebrities. By the mid 90s each of these tycoons' life had taken many turns and twists, albeit for the better usually. Bill Gates' 1995 was a bit hectic, this was the year of the huge unveiling of windows 95. After many delayed attempts to get it out Gates released windows 95 in August without Microsoft Plus, as had been earlier said, this was due to time restrictions as changing windows 95 to 96 would be a waste of money and probably more seriously the worst move commercially any company would ever make. With the release of Windows 95 the world saw the largest over media onslaught to sell a product. Also with the release of Windows came Microsoft's foray into the Internet market share. In hindsight this perhaps may not have been the best move to make. 1996 passed with much criticism of Gates' operating system, people said it was unstable, hard to figure out and anything else possible. 1997 came around with rumours of a new operating system in the works dubbed Chicago. This was perhaps a rumour but more likely the beginning of Windows 98. In 1998 Gates released this newer version of Windows 95, which made the world Gates' subject for the biggest beta test ever. Windows 98 was just an upgrade of 95. Upgrade may be an understatement, but on the surface it is almost identical, underneath they are worlds apart. Recently Microsoft's ghosts have come to haunt them. Netscape, their main rival in the Internet division, had started an Anti-trust case in the federal supreme court. The accusations spawned from a dispute where Netscape's browser were being loaded onto pre made Compaq computers and Microsoft did not approve of this. This case has recently come to the end of its first stage with Microsoft falling guilty. The consequences have yet to come, but are foreseen in the coming months. This most likely will not spell the end of Gates' empire rather actually may boost his worth by making him CEO of 4 giant specialised companies. Steve Jobs, a cofounder of Apple Computers Inc., has also had good fortune with the computer world, but also had his fair share of hiccups. In 1985 after the Macintosh had had troubles selling as much as wished Steve Jobs was forced out of Apple. From here he went on to try and rebuild a new frontier in media, 3D animation. After leaving Apple he formed a new company, Next Inc. this was a hardware/software development company. He then went on in 1986 to purchase a controlling share in Pixar, a LucasFilm branch that dealt with 3D animation. In 1989 Next released its first computer at $10,000 which was incompatible and did not sell well, 4 years later they shut down their hardware division. In 1996 Apple bought out Next. Inc. and uses Jobs as a part time consultant. This aids Apple to become one of the top players in the world of computers in 1998. Some of Pixar's achievements are; Toy Story, the first full length film created soley by computers. "A Bug's Life" released and is a hit. And February 1999, Technical Academy Award to Pixar's David DiFrancesco for "pioneering efforts in the development of laser film recording technology". These achievements of both these men have helped to fuel the second wave of the computer revolution. The third is on the horizon as the information superhighway's potential will be seen in the next couple of years.

AWACS and the AST essays

AWACS and the AST essays BACKGROUND PAPER ON THE AWACS COUNTER-DRUG MISSION AND HOW THE AST HELPS 1. Mayhem! Chaos! Lives Destroyed! Drugs ruin many lives and it does not stop with the user. Some people are going to do whatever it takes to get drugs into the United States. United States Customs officials reported during fiscal year 2000 that over 200 tons of drugs were seized valued at almost $372 million, and arrested 3,491 individuals. How do the United States Air Force Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) airplane and the Airborne Surveillance Technician (AST) help brake up the flow of drugs? I will explain the general role of the AWACS crew and more specifically the role the AST plays in the war against drugs. You may ask where does all the action start and who is involved? Well, I am prepared to answer that. 2. An AWACS crew of about 23 crewmembers plus maintenance, would forward deploy to Howard Air Force Base located in Panama, about three miles south of the Panama Canal. The counter drug team consists of Navy, Air Force, Customs and Coast Guard aircraft. The AWACS plane is a modified Boeing 707 that has two struts, which hold a radar dish on top of aft of the aircraft. The radar is very sensitive and can pick up see low, slow flying aircraft from as far away as 300 miles. This part of the criteria helps determine if a suspect or law-abiding citizens are currently flying the aircraft. Other criteria that might be useful is if the aircraft is not flying on its posted flight path, or if it failed to file a flight path with the FAA (Federal Aviation Authority). The suspect does not want to file a flight path with the FAA because secrecy is the only way they can continue their illegal activities. Once it is determined the aircraft is doing something suspicious, the situation ! is taken over by the AST. Now lets look at how the AST will handle the situation. 3. The AST follows the aircraft using a computer display, initiate an...

Achieving Goals Advice from NFL players

Achieving Goals Advice from NFL players NFL players and coaches understand that the best results can only be achieved through restless hard work, focus on strategy, teamwork, perseverance and a strong will-to-win spirit. These men know something about motivation and their wise words and lessons can be applied to anyone who needs an inspiration boost in their everyday lives. Youre not born winners or losers, youre born choosers. Shawn Harper, NFL player for Indianapolis Colts This former NFL player has become a real motivational speaker and now he travels around USA speaking to youth and children on different social events. This message is something that is so important but so lacking in modern community. What does it mean, being a chooser? It means that choosing a right trajectory of your life is as important as choosing a trajectory of your next move on the field. Only if you take a while to think and concentrate, the ball will hit the end zone. Be the type of person that you want somebody to be towards you. Be that towards them. And be kind to yourself. Michael Strahan, a former NFL player for New York Giants Indeed, being a successful person is something more than just working hard and performing well. Real goal achievers are goal achievers in every way. Keep your eyes on your aim, but stay a nice person that people would look up to! Be kind to others and accept yourself. This is the only way not to lose a big picture. Chase your dreams and not walk after them. Don’t hope someone gives you an opportunity, create one for yourself. Shannon Sharpe, a former NFL player for the Denver Broncos and Baltimore Ravens Make a plan and work to achieve your goals. It is impossible to get what you want and deserve if you have no idea how you are going to make it. And one more thing - never rely on others when it comes to something really important to you! Perfection is not attainable. But if we chase perfection, we can catch excellence. Vince Lombardi, a Head Coach of Green Bay Packers (1959-67) Perfection is not attainable because if you keep on moving forward, you cant stop demanding more and more from yourself. And this is the way to catch excellence. You have to believe in your potential and move on to win! Leaders are made, they are not born. They are made by hard effort, which is the price which all of us must pay to achieve any goal that is worthwhile. Vince Lombardi Nobody is born with a capacity to be awesome! The greatest NFL coaches in history know that success is the matter of discipline, persistence, great passion, and daring. And luck, of course. Leadership is a matter of having people look at you and gain confidence. If you are in control, they are in control. Tom Landry, a Head Coach of Dallas Cowboys (1960-88) So inspiration and leadership is something that is worth sharing, because motivated people motivate others. Catch the gleams in the eyes of others and spread the passion yourself. Maybe someone else will also become inspired by just looking into your eyes. A real gleam of passion can destroy your enemies and attract more like-minded people! Believe us, these are super-effective techniques. Just ask the guys above - goals are only achieved with discipline, passion, determination and dedication!

The impact of the internet on speeches or debates in campaigns Essay

The impact of the internet on speeches or debates in campaigns - Essay Example All these debates are live telecasting by the television and internet media. Many people have the belief or myth that only the opinions expressed by the presidential candidate have the power to influence the public opinion. According to Postman (2005), â€Å"Indeed we may have reached the point where the cosmetics has replaced ideology as the field of expertise over which a politician must have competent control†(Postman, 2005, p.4). In other words, the appearance and body languages of the speaker can influence the public immensely. Internet is a medium in which people often discuss the appearance, views and opinions expressed by the candidates. The outcomes of these debates may definitely influence the result of the election. This paper analyses the impact of the internet on speeches or debates in campaigns. Internet and campaigns â€Å"The idea that there is a content called â€Å"the news of the day† was entirely created by the telegraph which made it possible to de contextualized information over vast spaces at incredible speeds† (Postman, 2005, p.8). Instant communication is made possible with the introduction of internet. It is easy for a person in America to communicate with a person in India or Africa instantly using different means of internet based communication. For example, social networks are influencing the people immensely. According to a recent report, Facebook membership has already crossed 1000000000. It should be noted that these people are communicating each other through social networks and exchange their ideas about everything in this world. The use of discussion forums, weblogs (commonly known as blogs), and online discussion groups, allow ongoing dialogues between the candidate, campaign staff, volunteers, and supporters. The Internet’s virtual nature enhances the number and diversity of people participating in campaign discussions, creating â€Å"global conversations that previously would have occurred only i n local groups and conferences (Rice, 2004, p.4) The ongoing political debates between president Obama and his opponent Mitt Romney is watched anxiously by millions of the people all over the world. The recent debate between President Obama and his Republican Party opponent Mitt Romney, about the economic policies of America has been watched with interest by Americans as well as the people in other parts of the world. Reports show that Romney gained an upper hand over Obama after this debate. Plenty of debates are going to happen between these two contesters in near future itself. â€Å"One-third of online adults (33%) say that it is usually easy for them to tell what it true from what is false when it comes to the political information they find online, while 56% say that it is usually difficult for them to determine this† (Attitudes towards the internet’s impact on politics, 2010). One of the major advantages of communication through internet is the ability to stay a nonymous. Internet is a medium through which the unspoken truth and rumours can be spread without fear. For example, it is possible for an Obama fan or a democrat to work against Obama using internet. In fact thousands of political workers are working for their candidate through internet and social networks. These political workers are spreading truths as well as myths or rumours. In politics, only opponents are there

Any proposed area of commercial law Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Any proposed area of commercial law - Coursework Example A perspective shared among the technology providers and the companies collecting and mining data is that ethical, privacy-respecting practices simply make good business sense. Are there guidelines in developing privacy policies to help organizations in establishing ethical responsibilities of the organization and the data professionals? How does an organization develop a data privacy policy that provides the environment for trust on the part of the consumers? A major focus needs to be the incorporation of fair information practice principles of notice, choice, access, and security. Management and information technology professionals need to develop an understanding of how to manage data ethically and communicate the policy effectively to the consumers (Samuelson, 1999). More information and experience is needed by students and professionals in management and information technology in the development of a data privacy policy. This research project serves to provide the needed informat ion and experience for both students and professionals. Current technology makes the threats to privacy less tangible and less visible. It is difficult to know when and for what purposes individuals are being watched or information is being gathered and used for purposes that are not endorsed by the individuals. While many organizations have the capacity to collect data from consumers, businesses have a profit motive that adds a greater threat to the privacy dilemma. It is not only the continual compilation of data about individuals that poses privacy trepidation, but the ways in which data can be transformed and sold to other organizations. This consumer profiling can be misleading and damaging. If e-commerce is to succeed, businesses must work to develop a trustworthy, secure online environment. Developing a privacy policy is the first step in creating that trust. Incorporating a privacy

Emerging Logistics Strategy Essay Example for Free

Emerging Logistics Strategy Essay The purpose of this paper is to identify and describe the emerging business logistics strategies which have emerged in the market place over the last few decades and will remain dominant well into the better half of twenty first century. Analysis through this work will argue that the two strategic concepts, namely supply chain integration and cycle time compression, represent distinctly different yet complementary approaches to corporate logistics which form the frameworks around which hundreds of firms are building successful logistics system. INTRODUCTION Logistics Strategy is the science of evaluating the most cost effective methodology of distributing goods to market while achieving service level objectives. It is important for companies to recognize that logistics strategy can be product-specific, customer-specific, and location-specific and that supply chains for each industry are dynamic and evolving. It is always a challenge for logistics strategy planners to develop a series of logistics strategies for different clients, integrating manpower, facilities and workflow in the logistics strategies together to compromise with other clients’ logistics strategies. The choice of an appropriate and effective logistics strategy must be guided by the objectives of the firm as well as by its capabilities and resources. In addition, the development of successful logistics strategy must recognize and deal with important factors and conditions in the firm’s external business environment. The environment of logistics has changed greatly because of global integration and the gradual shortening of lifecycles of products. For that reason a brief overview of what are, perhaps, the most significant of these factors in the business environment like increasing globalization, mergers and acquisitions, downsizing, new IT systems etc. are also discussed. In this paper, contemporary logistics strategy and evolution of emerging strategies like SCM and Cycle time reduction will be explained. Implementation issues and other challenges like reaping the benefits of IT,  choosing a trade-off between complementary strategies; integration issues etc. are elaborately discussed. This paper will mostly discuss the logistics strategy which the companies are adopting to succeed in the emerging markets like India, China etc. Emerging markets are becoming hot destinations for carrying out business mainly because of access to low cost labors and material. However at the same time how the firm mitigates the risk associated with doing business in foreign territory and how it manages the associated cost of transportation will also be discussed. Logistics Strategy and its importance When a company creates a logistics strategy it is defining the service levels at which its logistics organization is at its most cost effective. Because supply chains are constantly changing and evolving, a company may develop a number of logistics strategies for specific product lines, specific countries or specific customers. The supply chain constantly changes and that will affect any logistics organization. To adapt to the flexibility of the supply chain, companies should develop and implement a formal logistics strategy. This will allow a company to identify the impact of imminent changes and make organizational or functional changes to ensure service levels are not reduced. Parameters Involved in Developing a Logistic Strategy A company can start to develop a logistics strategy by looking at four distinct levels of their logistics organization. * Strategic: By examining the company’s objectives and strategic supply chain decisions, the logistics strategy should review how the logistics organization contributes to those high-level objectives. * Structural: The logistics strategy should examine the structural issues of the logistics organization, such as the optimum number of warehouses and distribution centers or what products should be produced at a specific manufacturing plant. * Functional: Any strategy should review how each separate function in the logistics organization is to achieve functional excellence. * Implementation: The key to developing a successful logistics strategy is how it is to be implemented across the organization. The plan for implementation will include development or configuration of an information system, introduction  of new policies and procedures and the development of a change management plan. Components to Examine when Developing a Logistics Strategy When examining the four levels of logistics organization, all components of the operation should be examined to ascertain whether any potential cost benefits can be achieved. There are different component areas for each company but the list should at least include the following: * Transportation: Does the current transportation strategies help service levels? * Outsourcing: What outsourcing is used in the logistics function? Would a partnership with a third party logistics company improve service levels? * Logistics Systems: Do the current logistics systems provide the level of data that is required to successfully implement a logistics strategy or are new systems required? * Competitors: Review what the competitors offer. Can changes to the company’s customer service improve service levels? * Information: Is the information that drives the logistics organization real-time and accurate? If the data is inaccurate then the decisions that are made will be in error. * Strategy Review: Are the objectives of the logistics organization in line with company objectives and strategies. A successfully implemented logistics strategy is important for companies who are dedicated to keeping service levels at the highest levels possible despite changes that occur in the supply chain. Current logistics operating environment Since 1990s, the environment of logistics has changed greatly because of global integration and the gradual shortening of lifecycles of products. The mode of production in enterprises has changed from the traditional mass production mode led by products into the mass customization production mode to facilitate increasing global market competition. Srinivasa (2001) pointed out three main reasons of such revolution. 1. Change of manufacturing strategy In the past, logistics was recognized as a distinct function with the rise of mass production systems. Since 1990s, the Japanese philosophy of distributed manufacturing and lean manufacturing has become the key technique which is widely adopted around the world. Consequently, the logistics operation is  forced to change in order to fit such new Japanese manufacturing strategy. As a whole, logistics has become an extremely complicated process in which expert knowledge is required. 2. Change of customer demand Business environment as a whole is becoming extremely volatile. As product life cycle becomes shorter, manufacturers can no longer push their products down the supply chain easily. On the contrary, it is the consumer who pulls the products along this supply chain. Price and quality are no longer sufficient to thrive in this market. As speed to market and flexibility of the supply chain become the winning criteria, logistics management has grown much more complex in order to satisfy these conditions simultaneously. 3. Globalization As enterprises expand their markets beyond national boundaries, the need for more sophisticated services like multi-modal transport and international trade rules compliance increases. Hence, redesign of logistics operation is essential in order to achieve greater efficiency and effectiveness on these issues. These issues revealed the complexity of logistics management in that traditional logistics operation which includes large quantity of stock storage and distribution cannot fulfill the real time, flexibility logistics service demand among the supply chain parties. Moreover, since logistics network has became more complex, it takes time to make critically decision in resource allocation and work task arrangement accurately. In the current dynamic scenario where business landscape has changed a lot and more and more business are becoming customer centric firms have realized that to remain competitive they need to consider logistics as a part of their strategy and not just another fu nction. Companies have gained significant advantages over their competitors by focusing and crafting a logistics strategy which suits their requirement. However, there is no fixed Logistics strategy solution in place for any type of industry. It depends on and varies from the type of goods, nature of industry, the market it serves etc. Below are some of the questions that a firm’s logistics strategy must address. Fast / Slow -A company logistics strategy must handle fast moving products differently from slow and medium moving products within their own  distribution center(s) and within their distribution network. It is to be seen is it economically beneficial to set up regional fast facilities and a centralized slow facility? DSD / Non-stock A company must have a clear understanding of all of the cost components and lost profit opportunities for products that are deemed Direct store Delivery or non-stock items. There has to be a logistics strategy in place that clearly delineates when an item should be inventoried. Third Party Services -Does your company need to own and/or operate its own distribution facilities or is it more effective to have third party logistics providers manage some or all aspects of your logistics functions? What are the economical, service and other considerations your company needs to consider before taking these steps? Hub and Spoke -Are there economical cost of goods advantages to sourcing products into a centralized distribution center that subsequently distributes to regional facilities or branches through a hub and spoke distribution network? Inbound Logistics -Are there opportunities to reduce your landed cost of goods through improved inbound logistics strategy including load consolidation, reduced handling, backhauls, etc.? Outbound Logistics-Are there opportunities to reduce your outbound transportation costs through improved private fleet routing? Through improved carrier rate shopping, through load consolidation opportunities, etc.? Facility Consolidation-Is your company operating too many distribution centers that are underutilized? What are the economical benefits and service impacts of closing one or more of your distribution points? Inventory reduction-Is your company carrying the right assortment and inventory levels to achieve service level objectives? To minimize inventory assets, to minimize storage and handling costs? Supply Chain-Are there opportunities to work with your trading partners to reduce supply chain complexities and improve service levels for specific products / vendor product lines? Are there internal supply chain policies that hinder cost-effective operations? Global Logistics-Are there opportunities to improve global logistics to reduce inventory levels in the supply chain? To reduce order cycle times? To reduce supplier lead times? To reduce logistics costs? With these questions in mind we proceed to see what have been few emerging and successful strategies and what the challenges in implementing them are. Emerging Logistic Strategies: Given the expanding complexities of global operations, information about logistics costs and capabilities is crucial to evaluating whether and how to leverage emerging markets as a means for increasing profit margin. Globally, there has been a trend to source from or manufacture in low-cost jurisdictions and emerging markets. This trend, however, is often offset by increased logistics costs and delivery times, along with a growing number of complexities that need to be managed. Senior management has begun to realize that lowering unit procurement costs does not translate directly to lower per-unit total landed costs — the total costs associated with importing goods or parts from distant emerging market locations. The complexities of managing logistics in emerging market locations ultimately add to the total landed costs of the associated goods. Therefore, the process of redesigning supply chain operations to establish logistics management capabilities in emerging markets is a fundamental dimension of a long-term business strategy. Components of this strategy should include a focus on end-to-end integrated operations design and sound process discipline. Further, this focus should include a means to achieve flexibility, responsiveness and resiliency to enable more effective competition in today’s environment of increasingly dynamic global business conditions. To leverage opportunities in emerging markets, companies must transition or expand from managing logistics in a limited number of local geographies to managing them in emerging market geographies worldwide — in a very efficient, agile manner that supports the responsiveness and flexibility associated with an On Demand Business. Companies can leverage specific approaches to transforming their global logistics capabilities and better support the business goals of lower cost sourcing or fulfillment by taking advantage of emerging market jurisdictions. Global supply chain management — a rapidly changing environment Because of competitive pressures in the global marketplace, companies are rapidly migrating to low-cost sources of labor and materials, which are typically located in countries that also represent emerging market opportunities. But the speed of this change may bring challenges associated with escalating shipping costs and increased supply chain risk, and these challenges could exceed a company’s internal skill and resource capacity. If  you are adopting global sourcing practices, you may not yet have the foreign trade experience necessary to manage regulatory compliance and related global supply chain management complexities. For example, multiple, autonomous business units within an organization can contribute to a fragmented logistics process as well as create missed opportunities for leveraging economies-of-scale. Individual business units may also lack the necessary economies-of-scale needed to establish a competitive foothold and gain sufficient influence in emerging markets. Balancing inbound and outbound supply chain logistics requires a comprehensive strategy that incorporates all the key functions of a supply chain to accelerate or expand sourcing from emerging markets. This horizontally integrated approach also helps you make strategic decisions regarding partnerships, shipping and other factors, to help ensure that savings from global sourcing are not eroded by increased logistics costs. Even more significantly, such a strategy can enable you to go beyond sourcing to position your organization to leverage your logistics capabilities to sell and distribute products within those emerging markets. Challenges to leveraging emerging markets in supply chain cost management As you expand your geographic reach of global sourcing into emerging markets, you will likely encounter a growing number of supply chain and logistics challenges, many of which directly or indirectly contribute to a large portion of total landed costs. Each issue can be grouped into one of two categories: tangible or intangible. Tangible challenges of working in emerging markets include obvious things such as the limited physical infrastructure of roads, bridges, harbors and airports. Other limiting items include the communications infrastructure needed to support the necessary IT connectivity. As constraints due to infrastructure bottlenecks represent a clear challenge, government agencies are more aptly able to focus on these items because the benefit for improvement extends beyond just the business sector. Enhancements to physical infrastructure help the greater population of the emerging marketplace and contribute to modernizing an entire region or industry. Physical infrastructure improvements tend to have greater visibility and  political momentum, and often involve just a few government agencies. For example, the current infrastructure expansion in China as described by EFT Research in late 2005:1 †¢ Between 2005 and 2008, more than US$70 billion per annum will be spent to create 75,000 new mil es of expressways †¢ Forty-three airports have been added since 2001, a major focus for expansion †¢ By 2010, China plans to double the number of shipping port berths from the 34,000 currently in use and will spend approximately US$6 billion each year to do so †¢ Between 2005 and 2020, China will build 25,000 km of new rail lines at a cost of US$250 billion. The net effects of current infrastructure limitations in China and other emerging markets are longer-than-expected lead times and greater variability in shipment cycle times. These factors have a direct impact on owned inventory levels and the overall cash-to-cash cycle time — both of which drive the need to tie up more working capital in the supply chain. These shipment cycle time delays, which can be typical, are often offset by shifting to expedited, or premium freight service levels. However, these shifts to faster service levels are what significantly erode the expected savings in procurement and sourcing. While tangible infrastructure and expansion challenges within emerging markets often get the most press and visibility, it is the intangible items that create the greatest headaches for global logistics managers. The list of intangibles consists of items that often carry â€Å"hidden costs† not fully grasped by companies entering an emerging market. Included are all the tariffs, duties, taxes, customs declarations processes, security and compliance requirements, and the daunting task of dealing with government agencies and multiple third parties in a foreign language. The complexity is exacerbated by variables that can constantly change and remain in a near-fluid state. Managing day-to-day events is complicated by the need to factor in multiple working locations, distant time zones, multiple handoffs of products and associated information, different national holidays, language and cultural barriers, and the ongoing regulatory changes. For example, effective January 1, 2006, the Ministry of Commerce of China updated numerous regulations for export processing zones, while at the same time Chinese customs issued new regulations for bonded logistics parks that support export-related handling activities. Understanding how such changes  impact your supply chain requires in-country operating experience and deep collaborative relationships with logistics services providers who manage daily in this dynamic environment. Not to be overlooked is the significant influence that culture and management style can have on implementing and managing a logistics operation. For example, some of the fundamental differences prevalent in the Far East: confrontation avoidance, top-down decision making and agreements formed through handshakes with less regard to contractual specifics are the norm. While the Western approach to dealing with supply chain partners and vendors is to collaborate and pursue a win-win outcome, that attitude rarely prevails in many emerging market locations. Do not underestimate the impact of negotiating style and approach for dealing with suppliers found in different business cultures. In emerging market countries where rule of law can be erratic, establishing sound relationships with known entities is critical. Getting a jump on technical obstacles to integrated supply chain management Leveraging emerging markets as both product source and product destination can be a dynamic response to global market pressures; however, many companies are not well positioned to take advantage of these opportunities. The key objectives for the technical aspects of managing logistics in emerging markets are to build flexibility into the design, develop a core competency to bring logistics suppliers on board in a seamless fashion, and to enable meaningful information capture that supports continuous improvement. For example, effective supply chain management depends on visibility into the status and location of in-transit materials and products, but many companies do not have these systems in place. Fortunately, many technology-based solutions are available from a range of providers. Nearly all transportation companies offer some type of shipment status or information-sharing system accessible through their Web sites. In addition, there are dozens of advanced logistics planning and execution software applications that companies can install and use themselves. While there is no comprehensive solution that effectively serves all industry verticals and logistics partners across the supply chain, it remains critical that companies efficiently integrate multiple applications across diverse trading partners. Even with an integrated value chain that seeks to  leverage leading applications, true visibility into order and shipment status across the logistics chain depends on tightly defined processes and the ability of all logistics partners to exchange and provide timely status reports on materials in transit. Managing logistics within and outside of emerging market locations can make these processes even more challenging — the increase in variables makes consistent execution and the timely exchange of information very difficult to achieve. Meanwhile, the very nature of an emerging market means that the number of logistics services providers with the appropriate experience is limited. And switching logistics providers can be very expensive. So part of the challenge becomes finding partners who either have the appropriate experience or have established networks and partnerships with reputable local providers. Managing and mitigating the risks associated with emerging market logistics In order to address the challenges of leveraging emerging markets as a cost reducing, and eventually, a profit-boosting strategy, companies are finding that they need to develop a strategy for managing logistics that can support multiple service-level requirements. As one element of such a logistics strategy, you need to determine how, where and to what extent the services of logistics suppliers should be engaged. There are several logistics management options to consider before you enter a new or emerging market. One end of the spectrum involves developing extensive multifunction logistics talent within your company, and then managing specific tactical activities and numerous contracts with logistics suppliers that provide narrowly defined services within a specific region or country. In this scenario, pitfalls include the time it takes to develop or recruit the necessary level of logistics talent and leadership, and the administrative cost of managing dozens, if not hundreds, of logistics suppliers. The other end of the spectrum involves leveraging already established and proven capabilities of a few logistics service providers — or even one — who can orchestrate the many activities, dependencies, and relationships across a global logistics network. Companies taking this approach are able to react to new and emerging opportunities in a shorter, more cost-effective time horizon. Figure 1 summarizes the spectrum of relationships with logistics partners. Figure 1: Logistics service provider options While core asset-based logistics providers are critical to logistics execution, there continues to be a competitive desire among service providers to offer strategically integrated solutions with a global reach that include already established relationships in key emerging market locations. As companies decide which model to pursue and which logistics service provider(s) to engage as potential long-term partners in an emerging market, there are a number of factors to consider: †¢ Experience with integrating logistics across the supply chain and related business functions such as direct procurement †¢ Demonstrated ability to lead supply chain transformation in phased initiatives that align with current and future customer requirements †¢ An understanding of the unique characteristics of the emerging market(s) where you are considering expanding sourcing activities or establishing operations and distribution capabilities †¢ Familiarity with your industry vertical and the nature of your supply chain requirements †¢ Proven capabilities to advise on support and manage international trade and customs regulations †¢ The capacity to offer robust middleware as an enabler of cross-functional IT integration with multiple supply chain partners †¢ The experience and capacity to act as information broker between you and your supply chain partners †¢ Infrastructure and business process designs that are highly scalable and redundant †¢ A track record of solid financial health and sound corporate governance A global logistics view in alignment with a top-down business strategy helps to avoid a piecemeal logistics contracting or outsourcing management approach that could exacerbate the challenge of integration and shipment visibility. Your approach to outsourcing should help you develop a responsive, plug and play, logistics management capability that will support your entry into emergi ng markets. This is also a key capability for enabling an adaptive global supply chain footprint and competitive advantage. To further support this goal, it is important to consolidate and align your supply chain management infrastructure, processes and procedures to reduce costs and improve efficiency. Leading logistics providers now have the resources and expertise to help you design your network and make location decisions that optimize the tradeoffs in cost, service level and risk; but you should be aware that such companies may also be driven by their own business goals. When you  receive advice about which emerging markets to target, ask yourself whether this advice is aligned to your business goals, or whether it reflects the logistics supplier’s own growth strategy. It is very important to look for an objective logistics partner who can establish clear business performance metrics and accountability for the entire ship-to deliver cycle. This includes activity from the shipping dock in the source country through each leg and mode of shipment. Such information should be a key part of the overall supply chain performance management dashboard — your logistics service provider should be able to supply you with a range of data and performance metrics such as on-time delivery, damage rates, error rates, cost/sales percentages and related financial metrics that drive continuous improvement efforts. IBM Case Study — overcoming emerging market implementation hurdles Strong global partnerships with leading logistics suppliers are a highly valued asset when it comes to entering emerging markets. IBM offers a case in point. Several years prior to the sale of their personal computing division to Lenovo, IBM shifted PC fulfillment operations to low-cost jurisdictions and emerging market locations. IBM had been conducting business in China for many years, which provided a leverage point for establishing the necessary legal entity and business model to support a manufacturing operation that could act as a global fulfilment center for a limited line of products. Setting up shop in one of China’s free-trade zones offered proximity to key suppliers and abundant availability of low-cost labor during a time of intense, industry wide cost pressures. But from a logistics management perspective, the implications seemed daunting. IBM needed to design and implement the capability to ship from a factory in Shenzhen to customer locations in the United States, Europe and the rest of Asia. This effort required robust process design with multiple logistics suppliers, not to mention the trade-management-related complexities associated with exporting from a free-trade zone to numerous other countries — most of which had their own unique entry and customs-related procedures. In the high-tech industry, the supply chain must be responsive and fast. In logistics, this means pre-clearing shipments through customs while flights are in-transit. The most minor of data inaccuracies on the commercial invoice or shipping  manifest during the entry process can delay shipments for hours. While an import delay of only a few hours may not seem drastic, the result can be a missed cutoff time with the in-country ground service delivery provider. This means an entire day can be added to the shipment cycle time. IBM found that design and implementation challenges resided at the most basic levels. The infrastructure and necessary processes just for getting the trucks from the manufacturing site to the Hong Kong airport caused delays. The frequency and timing of the flight schedules became the hard constraint that all other cutoff times were forced to meet. Getting the necessary level of lift capacity during the high-volume, end-of-quarter seasonal peaks required frequent communication and forecast updates with freight forwarders. Continuous design improvements were needed to reach the necessary process and system integration needed between the freight forwarder, broker and customs agents in the designated country. For small shipments, IBM took advantage of integrated services provided by UPS and FedEx, both of which have ground and air assets for multi-leg shipment continuity. More problematic were larger shipments requiring multiple third party logistics organizations in a series of freight and information handoffs. IBM believes that a core logistics objective should always be to design and implement an integrated end-to-end solution that includes a process and technology design spanning all involved parties, from the shipping site to the final customer delivery location. Other emerging-market implementation hurdles faced by IBM China is not the only major emerging market with strategic significance to the IBM supply chain and global business model. For many years, IBM has sold and distributed products in East European countries. Over the past two years, IBM has expanded operations in countries such as Hungary and the Czech Republic. IBM’s most recent effort included going live with assembly and fulfilment operations with an OEM partner in Hungary. Prior to making a decision about the final location, IBM conducted a network optimization study. Its purpose: to understand the tradeoffs between fulfillment costs, logistics costs, inbound transit times from supplier locations, and outbound transit times to customers throughout Europe. The longer transit times and greater variability were key to understanding if entering the Hungarian marketplace to seize the benefit of lower fulfillment costs was an optimal  supply chain decision. The distance from the manufacturing site to the primary airport in Budapest is a three-hour commute on a two-lane highway. For time-sensitive orders, this long transit time effectively pushes back the cutoff time for shipping to around noon, a loss of nearly a half day. Once the decision was made to operate and ship finished products from Hungary, several supply chain and logistics design points became important to the overall cost reduction strategy. Here are some key elements that helped enable logistics management for IBM in an Eastern European emerging market location: †¢ Extended vendor managed inventory (VMI) programs and pricing agreements with OEM partners to ensure purchase-order flow continuity and control †¢ Extended IBM’s logistics contract agreements to components suppliers on inbound lanes in order to mitigate rising logistics costs and transit time variability †¢ Formed strong partnership with logistics service provider to allow for vendor on premises activity — service supplier resources and systems that manage the flow of finished goods off the back dock †¢ Utilized the network of experienced logistics management professionals in the European region to ensure operational communications and continuity within the same time zones †¢ Took advantage of IBM business presence in-country and local resources to ease the language, culture, and knowledge barrier during transition and initial set up. The above examples reflect IBM’s ability to efficiently enter and enable logistics operations as a strategic component of our global business operating model. Figure 2: IBM logistics cost savings 1995–2004 The cost savings illustrated in Figure 2 were realized during a time when IBM was entering emerging market locations to enable an integrated global footprint. The largest portions of savings were in procurement by utilizing fewer core service providers, and the physical network design efficiencies of operating in key emerging market locales. Realizing competitive advantage from logistics transformation You can prevent rising costs and complexities from eroding the benefits of your global sourcing strategy. The advantages of a strategic approach to logistics are broad and can result in a significant increase in shareholder value. In fact, managing logistics  costs, service-level lead times and overall supply chain security is critical to your marketplace competitiveness. Figure 3: IBM Global Logistics Operating Model The IBM model for managing global logistics highlights its capabilities as a Global Trade Orchestrator. IBM is able to scale this capability for both internal divisions and external customers. The key to managing global logistics is to enable your company’s supply chain with the capability to efficiently unplug from one location or operating scenario, and enter a new or emerging market location. This capability will be both a strategic requirement and a competitive advantage, as long as worldwide business, economic and socio-political variables remain dynamic. Enabling this strategic capability requires cross-function process design, technology integration, and subject matter expertise ranging from network optimization, logistics contract and operations management to global trade and compliance management. This level of orchestration and collaboration is very scalable when merged seamlessly with a global governance model and strategically oriented leadership. Cycle time compression Logistics managers have long recognized the importance of order cycle time, and this concept has entered into the planning and operation of inventory control and distribution systems for decades. More recently, logistics executives have come to recognize the strategic significance of planning, and indeed reducing, the cycle times in their systems. Throughout many different industries, and taught by the examples of successful Japanese competitors, firms are working to reduce the total time required to bring products to marketplace. As George Stalk and Thomas Hout explan in their best-selling book competing against time, today, time is on the cutting edge of competitive advantage. The ways leading companies manage time- in production, in sales and distribution, in new product development and introduction- are the most powerful new sources of competitive advantage. A cycle time compression logistics strategy can be applied to distribution and production, and firms have also shown how the strategy can be employed in product development and roll out. In one frame of reference, cycle time can  be thought of as the time which elapses between the point at which a customer places an order and the point at which the property is received. Traditionally, logistics managers have attempted to control or reduce this order cycle time by increasing in stock availability rates, pre-positioning field inventories close to customers, or using premium flight services to speed delivery. While effective, these tactics are not without cost. From another point of view, customer order cycle times are obviously important, but they do not measure the true response time of the firm since the finished goods inventory performs the function of uncoupling the demand process from the production process. From this point of view, the cycle time is the length of time material remains in the firm as it flows from raw material, to production, to finished goods, and on to delivery to the customer. Attacking this cycle time has several benefits. First, it makes the firm more responsive; that is, the firm may be able to produce and distribute a product to a given customer more quickly. Second, cycle time reduction will reduce the time that material is held as inventory, and hence will increase inventory turnover and return on assets. Firms have employed many different tactics to achieve cycle time compression in their logistics processes, but most successful applications share these common characteristics: (1) The responsiveness of the total system is increased. The firm can more quickly respond to changing customer requirements because the logistics system has become more flexible and adaptive, and more easily able to react to changes in plans. (2) Inventory levels are reduced at all points in the system as on-hand stocks come to reflect more closely true customer requirements. (3) Risk and the associated costs of risk are reduced. As the cycle time falls, the demand forecasting horizon can be reduced, which reduced the risk of stock out, lost sales, obsolescence, redistribution, expediting, and all the other problems associated with forecast error. (4) The information content of the system increases. The system comes to rely  on fast and accurate transmission of information as a substitute for the inventory previously used to operate the system. To reduce cycle time companies need to look at the four major discrete cash cycles within their firms. — Sales Cycle — – Delivery Cycle– –Billing/Collection Cycle – –Make/Buy Inventory Cycle – The sales cycle is the first one to tackle. How long does it take from first contact with a customer to get a signed purchase order? Typically you’re incurring, and paying for, sales expenses during that process. If your normal sales cycle is three months, is there any way to collapse it to two months? One of the best ways to answer that question is by bringing together people within the organization who both work in the sales arena and interface with it. It can also be helpful to have someone from the outside who is not all that familiar with the process in the review. Benefits of cycle time reduction are common in all four areas. The result will be reduced cycle times that translate into a more effective organization and additiona l money in the bank. Cross-docking: The need for speed In today’s high velocity supply chain world, companies are increasingly focusing on distribution methods that will drive efficiency and increase customer satisfaction. Gone are the days where customer service was merely a buzz word. With the focus on customer service, companies have moved away for a supply driven business towards a demand driven business. Companies are also constantly searching for ways to reduce inventory and holding cost. The increase in speed has forced companies to search for ways to reduce product cycle time and move product quickly and cost effectively. Over the years, companies have seen a dramatic increase in the number of stock keeping units (SKU). The increase in the number of SKUs has added complexity to the business and also has increased the cost and time needed to manage the business. Department heads face additional pressure as they are required to stock shelves with the right products and ensure that customer demand is met all times. In today’s high speed world, shipping windows are changing rapidly, as retail clients demand increased speed to meet store requirements. To achieve these goals, cross-docking has been pushed to the frontline of the distribution strategy. What is cross-docking? Cross-docking is a system that relies on speed and agility and is normally used in hub-and-spoke operations. Cross-docking, in short, is the shipment and receiving of goods by bypassing the storage facility. In the process of cutting out the need for a storage facility, inventory can move quickly from one end of the supply chain to the other. Cross-docking is a fairly simplistic way of handling inventory that involves loading and unloading inventory from an incoming truck onto an outboard truck. During cross-docking storage time varies. However, most experts would agree that anything less than two days can be considered as cross-docking. In some cases staging also takes place. For all of its simplicity, cross-docking requires detailed planning and collaboration with partners. Companies require advance knowledge of product shipment and final destination of goods. Setting up the required infrastructure and systems can take time and capital. Logistic managers are increasingly making use of technology such as Warehouse Management Systems (WMS) and automated processes. It is important to note that technology is not the key to success. However, the right system can smooth out problems and increase visibility in the chain. Companies now have the ability to send products on a Friday night, receive them on Saturday, and sell the products later in the day. How is it used? Cross-docking is used in a variety of strategies that include consolidating loads of less-that-truck load (LTL) carriers, consolidate loads from multiple suppliers and/or plants, deconsolidating orders, and preparing for shipping. Cross-docking can be divided into different complexity levels including one-touch, two-touch and multiple-touch. One-touch is considered the highest productivity as products are not loaded on the dock, but is loaded directly on the truck. During two-touch the focus is on load optimization and driving efficiencies. Inventory is received and staged on the dock, without making use of a storage facility. During multiple-touch, products are received and staged for reconfiguration and customization. An increasing number of companies are starting to use cross-docking in their operations. In a 2008 cross-docking trends report in the US, 52 percent of respondents stated that use cross-docking with a further 13 percent planning to start cross-docking in the next 24 months. A number of companies are  outsourcing cross-docking. By doing so, they avoid the challenges of setting up and running a cross-docking operation. Many companies start small and pilot projects are common as they explore the configuration that best fits their needs. For cross-docking to succeed it needs to be a coordinated effort that relies on close partnership and collaboration. What are the advantages? One of the key advantages of cross-docking is that companies are reducing their need for warehousing space, which reduces inventory holding cost. Cross-docking facilities are much cheaper to set up and run than warehouses and companies can save on the capital investment in warehouses. In some cases, companies can reduce warehouse floor space and sell off or lease out underutilized facilities. Companies like Toyota have designed and built their own cross-docking facilities. Normally these facilities are strategically located to reduce distance and maximize support. Some of the biggest advantages for companies are transport related. Companies can achieve significant cost savings, by consolidating loads of LTL carriers. Pallets that are heading for the same destination are consolidated and staged by order sequence. By doing this, companies can reduce the distribution cost of the total supply chain and pass the savings on to the consumer. By making use of cross-docking, companies can furthermore reduce the impact of rising energy cost. Companies like Toyota have used this strategy to great effect. With the increased reliance on Just-in-Time (JIT), parts are being shipped at higher frequency and lower quantity. By making use of cross-docking, Toyota has reduced distribution cost by consolidating smaller part supplies into consolidated loads. Cross-docking has allowed companies to increase JIT and remove waster or muda in the organization. The increased speed in the supply chain helps companies to reduce product cycle time and move product quickly and efficiently down or up the chain. In Toyota’s case, this has allowed them to increase delivery frequency and in some cases even double delivery cycles. Cross-docking also have some major benefits where inventory is limited. As inventory is not kept in storage, companies require less stock. The reduction in inventory will reduce holding cost and at the same time satisfy demand. One of the major benefits of cross-docking is also the reduction of labour cost. With the downturn in the  economy, companies will increasingly look at cross-docking as a possibility. Cross-docking can reduce staff numbers and their associated labour cost and also gives the organization greater flexibility during an economic downturn. Many companies, however, do not start cross-docking primarily for cost reasons. They start to improve customer service. Today’s customers require greater speed and are also more demanding. Companies should establish clear goals and be willing to test different options. For companies that want to streamline operations and increase the supply chain velocity, cross-docking may be the right solution. Implementation Issues and Conclusions Many firms have embraced and employed supply chain management and cycle time compression strategies in their logistics operations with dramatically positive results. However, not all such attempts have been successful, nor has every implementation proved straightforward or simple. In this section, I will list observations and conclusions drawn from scores of firms which have implemented these logistics strategies: (1) Supply chain management and cycle time compression are complementary strategies. The logistics manager is not forced to choose between these two strategies in and either/or basis. In fact, the two strategies are often mutually supportive and self-reinforcing. The strategies so frequently are seen together that it can be difficult or arbitrary to distinguish between them. In practice, the distinction between the two strategies is often blurred. A principal reason to develop supply chain management is often to capture and amplify the benefits of cycle time compression by applying the strategy at all levels in the chain. (2) Each strategy has common barriers to successful implementation. There are many pitfalls involved in employing these strategies, but the most significant problems are generally of two types: High complexity. The new systems are usually much more complicated than the systems and procedures which they replace. Supply chain management, as embodied for example in a quick response system, requires co-ordination of SKU-level item flows across firm boundaries in near real time with great precision and reliability. Low  inventory levels place the entire operation at risk to errors at any level in the system. New data systems and communications systems are needed to drive the logistics flow, and these systems are needed to drive the logistics flow, and these systems must perform flawlessly. In a successful cross docking operation, vehicle schedule and despatching is crucially important as well, and completely reliable carriers must be found. High trust. Supply chain management and cycle time compression must be based on high levels of trust within the various parts of a given firm, such as between production and distribution and between sales and distribution. In addition, very high levels of trust must be established and maintained between buyers and sellers in the supply chain, as well as between shippers and carriers and warehouses. Supply chain members must share and safeguard highly sensitive data, and all parties must be given candid estimates of production schedules, shipping status, and delivery dates. Inability or unwillingness to share these data will generally frustrate meaningful attempts to establish the close co-ordination implied by these strategies. (3) Information technology is the key enabling technology. Another common thread in the successful implementation history of these strategies in American firms is the reliance on fast and accurate information technology. Most such logistics systems use barcode scanning or some other form of automatic identification to provide input of SKU-level transaction data onn sales, inventory and shipments. Data are normally telecommunicated between various operating locations, usually by EDI. In addition, some form of high-level logistics system software is needed to guide the operation of the strategy. (4) Inventory reduction as a benefit. Most successful case histories of supply chain management or cycle time reduction will include inventory reduction, but inventory reduction will not be the whole story. Generally, inventory reduction will be one item on the list of benefits and cost savings which were sought or obtained. In many cases savings due to inventory reduction will be substantial, while in other cases inventory reduction may be a relatively minor consideration. (5) Successful logistics strategies must be integrated with production, marketing, and total corporate strategy. Supply chain management and cycle time compression are strategies which are often highly compatible with the overall strategy being pursued by the firm. Compression of the logistics component of the firm’s total cycle time is an integral component of the firm’s overall strategy of time-based competition. Logistics cycle time compression and supply chain co-ordination are also highly supportive of the general strategy of flexible manufacturing towards which many firms are moving. Many other firms are moving towards a marketing strategy which looks beyond mere ―customer satisfaction in an attempt to move past the competition by ―delighting the customer. In this context, compression of logistics cycle time increases the responsiveness of the logistics system to the customer’s desires. Incorporating the customer into the formal supply chain system should improve the level of support provided to the customer as well as increase the customer’s ability to convey its needs and wants to the firm and have them acted on. In this way supply chain approach will work to reinforce the marketing strategy. Supply chain management and cycle time compression are complementary logistics strategy which progressive firms are employing in many different ways and in many different settings. These strategies are not simply or easily developed, but the results achieved through their use are often dramatic. Any firm which is truly serious about competing in the marketplace should very carefully consider the implications of these strategies for its operations.